Grammar parses for passage 10.16.7
Open translation for this passage
παραλογώτατον δὲ ἐπυνθανόμην ὑπάρξαν Λιπαραίοις ἐς Τυρσηνούς.
The sentence has an impersonal first-person frame, ‘I learned/heard it was most unreasonable’; ὑπάρξαν is an accusative neuter singular aorist participle agreeing with παραλογώτατον, with the dative Λιπαραίοις as its experiencer/possessor and ἐς Τυρσηνούς as its goal or relation complement. The exact scope of ἐς is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | παραλογώτατον | παράλογος | ADJ | A-S---NSN- | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἐπυνθανόμην | xcomp | medium | Likely predicative adjective with an understood neuter subject/content; nominative and accusative neuter are syncretic, and agreement with accusative ὑπάρξαν favors accusative analysis. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἐπυνθανόμην | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐπυνθανόμην | πυνθάνομαι | VERB | V1SAMI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | First-person imperfect middle, ‘I was learning/inquiring’; governs the reported content. |
| 4 | ὑπάρξαν | ὑπάρχω | VERB | V---PAMN-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 παραλογώτατον | csubj | medium | Accusative neuter singular aorist participle; treated as the content/event subject of the predicative adjective, though a participial complement analysis is possible. |
| 5 | Λιπαραίοις | Λιπαραῖος | PROPN | N-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ὑπάρξαν | obl | medium | Dative plural ethnonym, likely the persons for whom or to whom the situation applied. |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 Τυρσηνούς | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 7 | Τυρσηνούς | Τυρσηνός | PROPN | N-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ὑπάρξαν | obl | medium | Accusative plural ethnic name governed by ἐς; semantic relation to ὑπάρξαν is somewhat elliptical. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 3 ἐπυνθανόμην | punct | high |
τοὺς γὰρ δὴ Λιπαραίους ἐναντία ναυμαχῆσαι τῶν Τυρσηνῶν ναυσὶν ὡς ἐλαχίσταις ἐκέλευσεν ἡ Πυθία.
The construction is κελεύω with an accusative-and-infinitive complement; ἐναντία τῶν Τυρσηνῶν expresses opposition, while ὡς ἐλαχίσταις ναυσίν means ‘with as few ships as possible.’
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-masc-plur | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ναυμαχῆσαι | obj | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | particle | _ | 12 ἐκέλευσεν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | particle | _ | 12 ἐκέλευσεν | discourse | high | |
| 4 | Λιπαραίους | Λιπαραῖος | PROPN | adj-acc-masc-plur | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ναυμαχῆσαι | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 5 | ἐναντία | ἐναντίος | ADJ | adj-acc-neut-plur | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ναυμαχῆσαι | obl | medium | Adverbial accusative, ‘opposite/against’; exact syntactic attachment is somewhat elliptical. |
| 6 | ναυμαχῆσαι | ναυμαχέω | VERB | verb-aor-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκέλευσεν | ccomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἐκέλευσεν. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | article-gen-masc-plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Τυρσηνῶν | det | high | |
| 8 | Τυρσηνῶν | Τυρσηνός | PROPN | adj-gen-masc-plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐναντία | obl | medium | Genitive of opposition/against, governed semantically by ἐναντία. |
| 9 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | noun-dat-fem-plur | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ναυμαχῆσαι | obl | high | Dative of means. |
| 10 | ὡς | ὡς | ADV | adverb | _ | 11 ἐλαχίσταις | advmod | high | Degree/intensifying adverb with ἐλαχίσταις. |
| 11 | ἐλαχίσταις | ἐλάχιστος | ADJ | adj-dat-fem-superl | Case=Dat|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ναυσὶν | amod | high | Agrees with ναυσίν. |
| 12 | ἐκέλευσεν | κελεύω | VERB | verb-aor-act-ind-3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | article-nom-fem-sing | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 Πυθία | det | high | |
| 14 | Πυθία | Πυθία | PROPN | noun-nom-fem-sing | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκέλευσεν | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκέλευσεν | punct | high |
πέντε οὖν ἀνάγονται τριήρεσιν ἐπὶ τοὺς Τυρσηνούς· οἱ δὲ---ἀπηξίουν γὰρ μὴ ἀποδεῖν Λιπαραίων τὰ ναυτικά---ἀντανάγονταί σφισιν ἴσαις ναυσί.
The passage contains a parenthetical explanatory clause (14–20) interrupting the second main clause; the supplied editorial dashes are retained as punctuation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πέντε | πέντε | NUM | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 ἀνάγονται | nsubj | medium | Subject numeral with omitted feminine noun, likely τριήρεις. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | _ | _ | 3 ἀνάγονται | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 3 | ἀνάγονται | ἀνάγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Passive/middle-form verb, here intransitive maritime usage. |
| 4 | τριήρεσιν | τριήρης | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 ἀνάγονται | obl | high | Dative of means or vehicle. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | _ | 7 Τυρσηνούς | case | high | Takes accusative here. |
| 6 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 Τυρσηνούς | det | high | |
| 7 | Τυρσηνούς | Τυρσηνός | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἀνάγονται | obl | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀνάγονται | punct | high | |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | nsubj | high | Substantival article/pronoun, subject of ἀντανάγονται. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | cc | high | Adversative coordinator. |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 14 | ἀπηξίουν | ἀπαξιόω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 9 οἱ | acl:relcl | medium | Parenthetical finite verb with οἱ as understood subject. |
| 15 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 ἀπηξίουν | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 16 | μὴ | μή | PART | _ | Polarity=Neg | 17 ἀποδεῖν | advmod | high | Negator of infinitive. |
| 17 | ἀποδεῖν | ἀποδέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 14 ἀπηξίουν | xcomp | medium | Infinitive complement of ἀπηξίουν; lexical parsing of compound is somewhat uncertain. |
| 18 | Λιπαραίων | Λιπαραῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἀποδεῖν | obl | high | Genitive dependent on ἀποδεῖν, ‘be lacking to/of the Liparaeans’. |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ναυτικά | det | high | |
| 20 | ναυτικά | ναυτικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 ἀποδεῖν | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, subject of ἀποδεῖν. |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 24 | ἀντανάγονταί | ἀντανάγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the second coordinated clause; enclitic accentuation in supplied text. |
| 25 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | iobj | high | Dative of opposition or reciprocal counterpart, ‘against them’. |
| 26 | ἴσαις | ἴσος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 27 ναυσί | amod | high | Agrees with ναυσί. |
| 27 | ναυσί | ναῦς | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | obl | high | Dative of means or manner: with equal ships. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀντανάγονταί | punct | high |
ταύτας τε οὖν αἱροῦσιν οἱ Λιπαραῖοι καὶ ἄλλας πέντε ὑστέρας σφίσιν ἀνταναχθείσας, καὶ τρίτην νεῶν πεντάδα καὶ ὡσαύτως τετάρτην ἐχειρώσαντο.
The sentence coordinates αἱροῦσιν with ἐχειρώσαντο; the latter has πεντάδα and an elliptical τετάρτην (νεῶν πεντάδα) as objects.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταύτας | οὗτος | PRON | PD--AF-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 4 αἱροῦσιν | obj | high | |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 αἱροῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | ADV | _ | 4 αἱροῦσιν | discourse | high | |
| 4 | αἱροῦσιν | αἱρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Λιπαραῖοι | det | high | |
| 6 | Λιπαραῖοι | Λιπαραῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 αἱροῦσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 αἱροῦσιν | cc | high | Coordinates the following object phrase with the first object. |
| 8 | ἄλλας | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-PAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 ὑστέρας | amod | high | |
| 9 | πέντε | πέντε | NUM | NFPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 10 ὑστέρας | nummod | medium | Invariant cardinal modifying ὑστέρας. |
| 10 | ὑστέρας | ὕστερος | ADJ | A-PAF | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 αἱροῦσιν | obj | high | |
| 11 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | RP-D3P | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 ἀνταναχθείσας | obl | medium | Reflexive/third-person plural dative with ἀνταναχθείσας. |
| 12 | ἀνταναχθείσας | ἀνταναχέω | VERB | V-APP-AF-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 10 ὑστέρας | acl | high | Aorist passive participle agreeing with ὑστέρας. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 αἱροῦσιν | punct | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἐχειρώσαντο | cc | high | |
| 15 | τρίτην | τρίτος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 πεντάδα | amod | high | |
| 16 | νεῶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 πεντάδα | nmod | high | |
| 17 | πεντάδα | πεντάς | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἐχειρώσαντο | obj | high | Accusative object, ‘a third group of five ships’. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἐχειρώσαντο | cc | high | |
| 19 | ὡσαύτως | ὡσαύτως | ADV | ADV | _ | 21 ἐχειρώσαντο | advmod | high | |
| 20 | τετάρτην | τέταρτος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἐχειρώσαντο | obj | medium | Elliptical νεῶν πεντάδα understood; adjective is substantivized/elliptical. |
| 21 | ἐχειρώσαντο | χειρόω | VERB | V-AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 4 αἱροῦσιν | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 αἱροῦσιν | punct | high |
ἀνέθεσαν οὖν ἐς Δελφοὺς ταῖς ἁλούσαις ναυσὶν ἀριθμὸν ἴσα Ἀπόλλωνος ἀγάλματα.
The construction means they dedicated to Delphi as many statues of Apollo as the captured ships; ἴσα is treated as a neuter plural predicative/quantifying adjective with syncretic form, and ἀγάλματα as the object of ἀνέθεσαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνέθεσαν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | V-3PAAI | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D | _ | 1 ἀνέθεσαν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 4 Δελφοὺς | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 4 | Δελφοὺς | Δελφοί | PROPN | N-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀνέθεσαν | obl | high | |
| 5 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ναυσὶν | det | high | |
| 6 | ἁλούσαις | ἁλίσκομαι | VERB | V-2AAPFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Passive | 7 ναυσὶν | amod | medium | Aorist passive participle, agreeing with ναυσίν; semantically ‘captured’ or ‘taken’. |
| 7 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 ἀνέθεσαν | obl | high | Dative of means/instrument. |
| 8 | ἀριθμὸν | ἀριθμός | NOUN | N-AMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἀγάλματα | nmod | medium | Accusative quantity/measure modifying ἀγάλματα. |
| 9 | ἴσα | ἴσος | ADJ | A-NNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἀγάλματα | amod | medium | Neuter plural adjective, likely predicative or adverbial in the phrase ‘equal in number’. |
| 10 | Ἀπόλλωνος | Ἀπόλλων | PROPN | N-GMS | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἀγάλματα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἀγάλματα. |
| 11 | ἀγάλματα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-NNP | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 ἀνέθεσαν | obj | high | Subject-accusative-like object of ἀνέθεσαν; nominative/accusative neuter plural syncretism. |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀνέθεσαν | punct | high |