Grammar parses for passage 10.17.12
Open translation for this passage
ὄφεις δὲ οὔτε ἐπὶ συμφορᾷ τῇ ἀνθρώπων οὔτε ὅσον ἀνώλεθρον αὐτῶν, οὐδὲ οἱ λύκοι τρέφεσθαι πεφύκασιν.
The sentence is syntactically compressed: ὄφεις is an accusative subject of the infinitive, while the coordinated ἐπί phrase and substantivized ὅσον ἀνώλεθρον express what snakes do not feed on; οἱ λύκοι then supply the explicit subject of πεφύκασιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὄφεις | ὄφις | NOUN | N-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | high | Accusative plural subject of the infinitive τρέφεσθαι, with an implied or generalized predicate. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ὄφεις | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐπὶ | cc | high | First member of the οὔτε ... οὔτε coordination. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 συμφορᾷ | case | high | Preposition governing συμφορᾷ. |
| 5 | συμφορᾷ | συμφορά | NOUN | N-DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀνώλεθρον | obl | medium | Dative governed by ἐπί; the phrase is coordinated with ὅσον ἀνώλεθρον. |
| 6 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 συμφορᾷ | det | high | Article agreeing with συμφορᾷ. |
| 7 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-GP-M | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 συμφορᾷ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on συμφορᾷ. |
| 8 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ὅσον | cc | high | Second member of the οὔτε ... οὔτε coordination. |
| 9 | ὅσον | ὅσος | PRON | A-ANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἀνώλεθρον | advmod | medium | Neuter substantive/degree expression, ‘as much as/however much’; exact attachment is syntactically compressed. |
| 10 | ἀνώλεθρον | ἀνώλεθρος | ADJ | A-ANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 πεφύκασιν | obl | low | Substantivized neuter adjective, coordinated semantically with the ἐπί phrase; construction is elliptical. |
| 11 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GP | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 10 ἀνώλεθρον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on the substantivized ἀνώλεθρον, referring to humans. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 πεφύκασιν | punct | high | |
| 13 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 λύκοι | cc | high | Negative coordinator introducing the wolves clause. |
| 14 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NP-MP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 λύκοι | det | high | Article agreeing with λύκοι. |
| 15 | λύκοι | λύκος | NOUN | N-NP-MP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | high | Subject of πεφύκασιν. |
| 16 | τρέφεσθαι | τρέφω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 17 πεφύκασιν | xcomp | high | Present passive infinitive, complementary to πεφύκασιν. |
| 17 | πεφύκασιν | φύω | VERB | V-RIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect of φύω meaning ‘are by nature accustomed/disposed’; governs the infinitive. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 πεφύκασιν | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ τράγοι ἄγριοι μέγεθος μὲν τοὺς ἑτέρωθι οὐχ ὑπερβάλλουσιν, εἶδος δέ ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ὁποῖον ἐν πλαστικῇ τις ἂν τῇ Αἰγιναίᾳ ποιήσειεν ἀγρίου κριοῦ·
The passage has two coordinated predications: the goats do not exceed those elsewhere in size, and their appearance is like what one might make in Aeginetan-style plastic art of a wild ram. The relative-like ὁποῖον clause and the attachment of ἀγρίου κριοῦ are somewhat interpretive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 τράγοι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 τράγοι | cc | high | |
| 3 | τράγοι | τράγος | NOUN | N----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ὑπερβάλλουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἄγριοι | ἄγριος | ADJ | A----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 τράγοι | amod | high | Predicative adjective; may be analyzed as a secondary predicate. |
| 5 | μέγεθος | μέγεθος | NOUN | N----NA-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ὑπερβάλλουσιν | obl | medium | Accusative of respect. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 5 μέγεθος | discourse | high | |
| 7 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T----AM-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἑτέρωθι | det | high | |
| 8 | ἑτέρωθι | ἑτέρωθι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 10 ὑπερβάλλουσιν | obj | medium | Substantivized/local adverb with article, ‘those elsewhere’. |
| 9 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 10 ὑπερβάλλουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 10 | ὑπερβάλλουσιν | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | V-PIA-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ὑπερβάλλουσιν | punct | high | |
| 12 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | N----NN-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰσίν/ἐστιν in a predicate possession construction. |
| 13 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἐστιν | cc | high | |
| 14 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Second coordinated clause; two roots are retained for the asyndetic/coordinate continuation. |
| 15 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P----DM-P | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 14 ἐστιν | iobj | high | Dative of possession. |
| 16 | ὁποῖον | ὁποῖος | PRON | P----NA-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ποιήσειεν | obj | medium | Relative/interrogative-indefinite form in a free relative-like comparison clause; accusative as object of ποιήσειεν. |
| 17 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 πλαστικῇ | case | high | |
| 18 | πλαστικῇ | πλαστική | NOUN | N----LF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ποιήσειεν | obl | medium | Dative governed by ἐν; art/craft context. |
| 19 | τις | τις | PRON | P----NM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ποιήσειεν | nsubj | high | |
| 20 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | G-------- | _ | 23 ποιήσειεν | advmod | high | Modal particle with optative. |
| 21 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T----DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 Αἰγιναίᾳ | det | high | |
| 22 | Αἰγιναίᾳ | Αἰγιναία | PROPN | N----DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 πλαστικῇ | nmod | medium | Proper-name modifier, probably referring to the Aeginetan artistic style/school. |
| 23 | ποιήσειεν | ποιέω | VERB | V-LOA-3S- | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 ὁποῖον | acl:relcl | medium | Potential optative under ἄν; clause describes what someone might model. |
| 24 | ἀγρίου | ἄγριος | ADJ | A--GSM-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 κριοῦ | amod | high | |
| 25 | κριοῦ | κριός | NOUN | N---GSM-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ποιήσειεν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on implied/plastic representation of a wild ram. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἐστιν | punct | high |
τὰ μέντοι ἀμφὶ τὸ στῆθος δασύτερά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἢ ὡς πρὸς Αἰγιναίαν τέχνην εἰκάσαι·
The neuter plural subject τὰ ... δασύτερα has a postponed μέντοι; ἀμφὶ τὸ στῆθος is a prepositional modifier, αὐτοῖς is ethical/possessive dative, and ἢ ὡς πρὸς ... εἰκάσαι introduces a comparative standard with an elliptical sense ‘than one might infer in comparison with Aeginetan workmanship’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 δασύτερά | det | high | |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 6 δασύτερά | advmod | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 3 | ἀμφὶ | ἀμφί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 στῆθος | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative. |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 στῆθος | det | high | |
| 5 | στῆθος | στῆθος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 δασύτερά | obl | high | |
| 6 | δασύτερά | δασύς | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Comparative predicate adjective agreeing with the neuter plural subject. |
| 7 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Singular copula with neuter plural subject, as expected in Greek. |
| 8 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-DMD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 7 ἐστιν | iobj | medium | Dative of possession or reference; antecedent is context-dependent. |
| 9 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 εἰκάσαι | cc | medium | Introduces the comparative standard/construction. |
| 10 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 εἰκάσαι | mark | medium | Comparative particle with infinitive. |
| 11 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 τέχνην | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative. |
| 12 | Αἰγιναίαν | Αἰγιναῖος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 τέχνην | amod | medium | Feminine adjective substantivized or modifying an omitted feminine noun, likely τέχνην understood. |
| 13 | τέχνην | τέχνη | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 εἰκάσαι | obl | medium | Object of εἰκάσαι, with πρὸς phrase modifying the comparison. |
| 14 | εἰκάσαι | εἰκάζω | VERB | V-AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 6 δασύτερά | advcl | medium | Aorist infinitive in the comparative clause; construction is somewhat elliptical. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐστιν | punct | high |
κέρατα δὲ οὐ διεστηκότα ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, ἀλλὰ ἐς εὐθὺ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα ἔχουσιν ἐληλιγμένα· ὠκύτητι δὲ ἅπαντα τὰ θηρία ὑπερήρκασι.
The sentence has an understood third-person plural subject (the animals): their horns are not separated from the head but are turned inward/alongside the ears, and they surpass all animals in speed. ἐληλιγμένα is treated as a perfect middle/passive participle agreeing with κέρατα; ἔχουσιν governs it predicatively. The exact aspectual relation of the participles is somewhat compressed.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N-----NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 διεστηκότα | nsubj | high | Subject of the participial predicate διεστηκότα and of the following ἔχουσιν construction. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 διεστηκότα | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 διεστηκότα | advmod | high | Negates διεστηκότα. |
| 4 | διεστηκότα | διΐστημι | VERB | V-RAPN---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἔχουσιν | acl | medium | Perfect active participle, agreeing with κέρατα; predicates the horns as not standing apart. |
| 5 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 κεφαλῆς | case | high | Preposition governing κεφαλῆς. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-SFSG---- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 κεφαλῆς | det | high | Article modifying κεφαλῆς. |
| 7 | κεφαλῆς | κεφαλή | NOUN | N-SFSG---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 διεστηκότα | obl | high | Object of ἀπό. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 διεστηκότα | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 ἔχουσιν | cc | high | Coordinates the positive description with the preceding negated description. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 εὐθὺ | case | high | Preposition governing εὐθύ. |
| 11 | εὐθὺ | εὐθύς | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐληλιγμένα | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, ‘straight/directly’; coordinated with the directional phrase. |
| 12 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 ὦτα | case | high | Preposition governing τὰ ὦτα. |
| 13 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN---- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ὦτα | det | high | Article modifying ὦτα. |
| 14 | ὦτα | οὖς | NOUN | N-APN---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ἐληλιγμένα | obl | high | Object of παρά in the directional phrase. |
| 15 | ἔχουσιν | ἔχω | VERB | V-睡? | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 ὑπερήρκασι | parataxis | medium | Finite verb with omitted subject κέρατα/θηρία; governs ἐληλιγμένα as a predicative participle. XPOS is uncertain. |
| 16 | ἐληλιγμένα | ἑλίσσω | VERB | V-RMPN---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 15 ἔχουσιν | xcomp | medium | Perfect middle/passive participle agreeing with κέρατα; describes their turned or twisted position. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἔχουσιν | punct | high | |
| 18 | ὠκύτητι | ὠκύτης | NOUN | N-SFSD---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ὑπερήρκασι | obl | high | Dative of respect or means, ‘in speed’. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ὑπερήρκασι | cc | high | Connective introducing the comparison. |
| 20 | ἅπαντα | ἅπας | ADJ | A-APN---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of θηρία. |
| 21 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN---- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 θηρία | det | high | Article modifying θηρία. |
| 22 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | N-APN---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 ὑπερήρκασι | obj | high | Object of ὑπερήρκασι. |
| 23 | ὑπερήρκασι | ὑπεραίρω | VERB | V-RAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Perfect active third plural, ‘have surpassed’; subject is understood from context, likely the animals/horns. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ὑπερήρκασι | punct | high |