Grammar parses for passage 10.17.2
Open translation for this passage
πρῶτοι δὲ διαβῆναι λέγονται ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν νῆσον Λίβυες· ἡγεμὼν δὲ τοῖς Λίβυσιν ἦν Σάρδος ὁ Μακήριδος, Ἡρακλέους δὲ ἐπονομασθέντος ὑπὸ Αἰγυπτίων τε καὶ Λιβύων.
Two coordinated clauses: Λίβυες are the subject of λέγονται with διαβῆναι as infinitival complement; Σάρδος is subject of ἦν. The final genitive absolute (Ἡρακλέους ... ἐπονομασθέντος) is concessive/parenthetical and semantically relates to Σάρδος, though its exact scope is somewhat elliptical.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρῶτοι | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 λέγονται | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with Λίβυες, within the infinitival report. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 4 λέγονται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | διαβῆναι | διαβαίνω | VERB | V- AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 λέγονται | xcomp | high | Aorist active infinitive governed by λέγονται. |
| 4 | λέγονται | λέγω | VERB | V- PPI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Passive reporting verb, with Λίβυες as subject. |
| 5 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 διαβῆναι | obl | high | Means/instrument dative, 'by ships'. |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 8 νῆσον | case | high | Preposition governing τὴν νῆσον. |
| 7 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | D-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 νῆσον | det | high | |
| 8 | νῆσον | νῆσος | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 διαβῆναι | obl | high | Goal/location complement of διαβῆναι. |
| 9 | Λίβυες | Λίβυς | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 λέγονται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of passive λέγονται and understood subject of διαβῆναι. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 λέγονται | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἡγεμὼν | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject/predicate nominal of ἦν. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 15 ἦν | cc | high | Postpositive connective introducing the second clause. |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | D-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λίβυσιν | det | high | |
| 14 | Λίβυσιν | Λίβυς | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἡγεμὼν | obl | high | Dative of relation: leader for/to the Libyans. |
| 15 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IXI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Second coordinated finite clause; coordination is understood across the punctuation. |
| 16 | Σάρδος | Σάρδος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἦν | nsubj | high | Personal name, subject of ἦν. |
| 17 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | D-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 Μακήριδος | det | high | |
| 18 | Μακήριδος | Μακήρις | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 Σάρδος | nmod | high | Patronymic/genitive dependent on Σάρδος. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 20 | Ἡρακλέους | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἐπονομασθέντος | nsubj | medium | Subject of the genitive absolute; the construction is elliptical in scope. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 22 ἐπονομασθέντος | cc | medium | Connective within the parenthetical genitive absolute. |
| 22 | ἐπονομασθέντος | ἐπονομάζω | VERB | V- GAPMSG | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 15 ἦν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute, likely concessive/parenthetical: 'although he was called Heracles'. |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P | _ | 24 Αἰγυπτίων | case | high | Agent preposition with passive participle. |
| 24 | Αἰγυπτίων | Αἰγύπτιος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἐπονομασθέντος | obl:agent | high | Substantivized adjective, agent of ἐπονομασθέντος. |
| 25 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C- | _ | 24 Αἰγυπτίων | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 27 Λιβύων | cc | high | Second coordinator in τε ... καί. |
| 27 | Λιβύων | Λίβυς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 Αἰγυπτίων | conj | high | Second coordinated agent. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἦν | punct | high |
Μακήριδι μὲν δὴ αὐτῷ τὰ ἐπιφανέστατα ὁδὸς ἐγένετο ἡ ἐς Δελφούς· Σάρδῳ δὲ ἡγεμονία τε ὑπῆρξε τῶν Λιβύων ἡ ἐς τὴν Ἰχνοῦσσαν καὶ τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ τοῦ Σάρδου τούτου μετέβαλεν ἡ νῆσος.
Two coordinated clauses: Μακήριδι and Σάρδῳ are dative topical/possessive complements; ἡ ἐς Δελφούς and ἡ ἐς τὴν Ἰχνοῦσσαν are postposed restrictive subjects/modifiers. The second clause has coordinated predicates ὑπῆρξε and μετέβαλεν, with ἡ νῆσος as subject of μετέβαλεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Μακήριδι | Μακήρις | PROPN | N--DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐγένετο | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/possession with ἐγένετο. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 8 ἐγένετο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 8 ἐγένετο | discourse | high | |
| 4 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P--DSM3-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 1 Μακήριδι | appos | medium | Intensive/reflexive pronoun agreeing with Μακήριδι. |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S--APN-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἐπιφανέστατα | det | high | |
| 6 | ἐπιφανέστατα | ἐπιφανής | ADJ | A--APN-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἐγένετο | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, ‘most conspicuous/important things’. |
| 7 | ὁδὸς | ὁδός | NOUN | N--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V--AMI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 ὁδὸς | det | high | |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 11 Δελφούς | case | high | |
| 11 | Δελφούς | Δελφοί | PROPN | N--APM-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὁδὸς | nmod | high | Destination complement of ἐς. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐγένετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | Σάρδῳ | Σάρδος | PROPN | N--DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ὑπῆρξε | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/possession with ὑπῆρξε. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ὑπῆρξε | cc | high | |
| 15 | ἡγεμονία | ἡγεμονία | NOUN | N--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ὑπῆρξε | nsubj | high | |
| 16 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ὑπῆρξε | cc | high | Connects ἡγεμονία with the following coordinated predicate. |
| 17 | ὑπῆρξε | ὑπάρχω | VERB | V--AAI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 ἐγένετο | conj | high | Coordinated predicate of the second clause. |
| 18 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S--GPM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 19 Λιβύων | det | high | |
| 19 | Λιβύων | Λίβυς | PROPN | N--GPM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἡγεμονία | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἡγεμονία. |
| 20 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἡγεμονία | det | medium | Article marking the postposed ἡ ἐς... phrase as an appositional/restrictive specification. |
| 21 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 23 Ἰχνοῦσσαν | case | high | |
| 22 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | S--ASF-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 23 Ἰχνοῦσσαν | det | high | |
| 23 | Ἰχνοῦσσαν | Ἰχνοῦσσα | PROPN | N--ASF-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἡγεμονία | nmod | high | Destination phrase specifying the hegemony. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 31 μετέβαλεν | cc | high | |
| 25 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S--NSN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 ὄνομα | det | high | |
| 26 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N--NSN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 μετέβαλεν | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R | _ | 29 Σάρδου | case | high | |
| 28 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | S--GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 29 Σάρδου | det | high | |
| 29 | Σάρδου | Σάρδος | PROPN | N--GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 μετέβαλεν | obl | high | Source of the name. |
| 30 | τούτου | οὗτος | DET | P--GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 29 Σάρδου | amod | high | Demonstrative modifying Σάρδου. |
| 31 | μετέβαλεν | μεταβάλλω | VERB | V--AAI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 17 ὑπῆρξε | conj | high | Coordinated with ὑπῆρξε; subject follows. |
| 32 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 33 νῆσος | det | high | |
| 33 | νῆσος | νῆσος | NOUN | N--NSF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 μετέβαλεν | nsubj | high | |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 μετέβαλεν | punct | high |
οὐ μέντοι τούς γε αὐτόχθονας ἐξέβαλεν ὁ τῶν Λιβύων στόλος, σύνοικοι δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν οἱ ἐπελθόντες ἀνάγκῃ μᾶλλον ἢ ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἐδέχθησαν.
Two coordinated clauses: στόλος is the subject of ἐξέβαλεν; οἱ ἐπελθόντες is the subject of passive ἐδέχθησαν, with σύνοικοι as a predicative complement. The final ὑπό phrase expresses the agent/cause of reception; ἀνάγκῃ and μᾶλλον ἢ εὐνοίᾳ contrast compulsion with goodwill.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D | Polarity=Neg | 6 ἐξέβαλεν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | ADV | D | _ | 6 ἐξέβαλεν | advmod | high | Concessive/adversative discourse adverb. |
| 3 | τούς | ὁ | DET | T-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 αὐτόχθονας | det | high | |
| 4 | γε | γε | PART | X | _ | 5 αὐτόχθονας | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 5 | αὐτόχθονας | αὐτόχθων | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐξέβαλεν | obj | high | Substantivized adjective, 'the indigenous inhabitants'. |
| 6 | ἐξέβαλεν | ἐκβάλλω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 στόλος | det | high | |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 Λιβύων | det | high | |
| 9 | Λιβύων | Λίβυς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 στόλος | nmod | high | Genitive plural ethnic name. |
| 10 | στόλος | στόλος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξέβαλεν | nsubj | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | U | _ | 6 ἐξέβαλεν | punct | high | |
| 12 | σύνοικοι | σύνοικος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with passive ἐδέχθησαν; can be treated as a secondary predicate. |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | cc | high | |
| 14 | ὑπʼ | ὑπό | ADP | R | _ | 15 αὐτῶν | case | high | Elided form of ὑπό. |
| 15 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | obl:agent | high | Refers to the indigenous inhabitants. |
| 16 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἐπελθόντες | det | high | Article substantivizing the participle. |
| 17 | ἐπελθόντες | ἐπέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | nsubj:pass | high | Aorist active participle, substantivized: those who came/arrived. |
| 18 | ἀνάγκῃ | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | obl | high | Dative of cause or constraint. |
| 19 | μᾶλλον | μᾶλλον | ADV | D | _ | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | advmod | high | Comparative adverb governing the following ἤ phrase. |
| 20 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C | _ | 18 ἀνάγκῃ | cc | high | Introduces the contrasted alternative. |
| 21 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R | _ | 22 εὐνοίας | case | high | |
| 22 | εὐνοίας | εὔνοια | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | obl | high | Genitive after ὑπό; cause/motive rather than personal agent. |
| 23 | ἐδέχθησαν | δέχομαι | VERB | V-API-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | conj | high | Passive: the newcomers were received/accepted. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | U | _ | 23 ἐδέχθησαν | punct | high |
καὶ πόλεις μὲν οὔτε οἱ Λίβυες οὔτε τὸ γένος τὸ ἐγχώριον ἠπίσταντο ποιήσασθαι· σποράδες δὲ ἐν καλύβαις τε καὶ σπηλαίοις, ὡς ἕκαστοι τύχοιεν, ᾤκησαν.
The first clause has πόλεις as the understood object of ποιήσασθαι with οὔτε...οὔτε subjects; ὡς ἕκαστοι τύχοιεν is a modal manner clause with optative, and σποράδες is a predicate-like nominative with ᾤκησαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | τε | _ | 27 ᾤκησαν | cc | high | |
| 2 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ποιήσασθαι | obj | high | Object of ποιήσασθαι. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G- | _ | 2 πόλεις | discourse | high | Correlative with δέ. |
| 4 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | τε | _ | 6 Λίβυες | cc | high | First member of οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Λίβυες | det | high | |
| 6 | Λίβυες | Λίβυς | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἠπίσταντο | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | τε | _ | 9 γένος | cc | high | Second member of οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 8 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 γένος | det | high | |
| 9 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἠπίσταντο | nsubj | high | Subject phrase τὸ γένος τὸ ἐγχώριον. |
| 10 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ἐγχώριον | det | high | Article with attributive ἐγχώριον. |
| 11 | ἐγχώριον | ἐγχώριος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 γένος | amod | high | |
| 12 | ἠπίσταντο | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | V-3IIMI-P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Mid | 27 ᾤκησαν | conj | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 13 | ποιήσασθαι | ποιέω | VERB | V-ANM | Aspect=Aor|Mood=Inf|Voice=Mid | 12 ἠπίσταντο | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἠπίσταντο. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἠπίσταντο | punct | high | |
| 15 | σποράδες | σποράς | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 27 ᾤκησαν | xcomp | medium | Predicate-like nominative/secondary predicate describing the settlements, with ᾤκησαν. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | τε | _ | 27 ᾤκησαν | cc | high | Contrasts with μέν. |
| 17 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R- | _ | 18 καλύβαις | case | high | |
| 18 | καλύβαις | καλύβη | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 27 ᾤκησαν | obl | high | Locative complement of ᾤκησαν. |
| 19 | τε | τε | CCONJ | τε | _ | 18 καλύβαις | cc | high | Coordinates καλύβαις and σπηλαίοις. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | τε | _ | 21 σπηλαίοις | cc | high | |
| 21 | σπηλαίοις | σπήλαιον | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 καλύβαις | conj | high | |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ᾤκησαν | punct | high | |
| 23 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C- | _ | 25 τύχοιεν | mark | high | Introduces modal manner clause. |
| 24 | ἕκαστοι | ἕκαστος | PRON | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 τύχοιεν | nsubj | high | |
| 25 | τύχοιεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-3AAO-P | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 27 ᾤκησαν | advcl | medium | Aorist optative in ὡς-clause; idiomatically ‘as each happened to’. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 τύχοιεν | punct | high | |
| 27 | ᾤκησαν | οἰκέω | VERB | V-3AAI-P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of the second clause. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ᾤκησαν | punct | high |