Grammar parses for passage 10.17.7
Open translation for this passage
ὕστερον μέντοι πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν οἱ Λίβυες ἐπεραιώθησάν τε αὖθις ἐς τὴν νῆσον στόλῳ μείζονι καὶ ἦρξαν ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν πολέμου.
The syntax is mostly straightforward, but the second clause has an unusual/possibly irregular construction with ἦρξαν ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν πολέμου.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | B | _ | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying ἐπεραιώθησάν. |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | PART | _ | _ | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | πολλοῖς | πολύς | ADJ | A- | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 ἔτεσιν | amod | high | Attributive to ἔτεσιν. |
| 4 | ἔτεσιν | ἔτος | NOUN | N-DP | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | obl | high | Dative of time. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Λίβυες | det | high | Article with ethnonym. |
| 6 | Λίβυες | Λίβυες | PROPN | Ne | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | nsubj | high | Ethnic proper noun used as plural subject. |
| 7 | ἐπεραιώθησάν | περαιόω | VERB | V-AIP-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 8 | τε | τε | PART | G | _ | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 9 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | B | _ | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying motion predicate. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 12 νῆσον | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 νῆσον | det | high | Article modifying νῆσον. |
| 12 | νῆσον | νῆσος | NOUN | N-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 13 | στόλῳ | στόλος | NOUN | N-DM-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | obl | medium | Likely instrumental dative with motion verb. |
| 14 | μείζονι | μέγας | ADJ | A-DM-S | Case=Dat|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 στόλῳ | amod | high | Comparative adjective modifying στόλῳ. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 16 ἦρξαν | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite verb. |
| 16 | ἦρξαν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐπεραιώθησάν. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 20 πολέμου | case | high | Preposition governing accusative phrase. |
| 18 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 Ἑλληνικὸν | det | high | Article modifying Ἑλληνικὸν. |
| 19 | Ἑλληνικὸν | Ἑλληνικός | ADJ | A-NS-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 πολέμου | amod | medium | Likely substantive adjective with πολέμου, though case agreement is irregular in the transmitted text. |
| 20 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-GM-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἦρξαν | obl | medium | Likely governed by ἄρχω in the sense 'begin war against'; genitive usage is somewhat textually difficult. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐπεραιώθησάν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τὸ μὲν δὴ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐς ἅπαν ἐπέλαβε φθαρῆναι, ἢ ὀλίγον ἐγένετο ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ ὑπολειφθέν·
The sentence contains two main clauses joined by an alternative relationship (ἢ), with the second clause taking an articular participle phrase as its subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 ἐπέλαβε | nsubj | high | Article functioning as substantive subject of ἐπέλαβε. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 τὸ | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G-------- | _ | 7 ἐπέλαβε | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | Ἑλληνικὸν | Ἑλληνικός | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 τὸ | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying τὸ. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 ἅπαν | case | high | Preposition governing ἅπαν. |
| 6 | ἅπαν | πᾶς | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐπέλαβε | obl | medium | Likely adverbial accusative phrase with ἐς; case/gender agreement is somewhat irregular in the transmitted text. |
| 7 | ἐπέλαβε | ἐπιλαμβάνω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main clause verb. |
| 8 | φθαρῆναι | φθείρω | VERB | V-AON-Inf | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 7 ἐπέλαβε | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive dependent on ἐπέλαβε. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐπέλαβε | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 10 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 12 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Disjunctive conjunction introducing second alternative. |
| 11 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἐγένετο | advmod | medium | Adverbial use meaning 'slightly / a little'. |
| 12 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second main verb, coordinated semantically with the first clause. |
| 13 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 αὐτοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτοῦ. |
| 14 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Prepositional genitive complement. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Article with participle as substantive. |
| 16 | ὑπολειφθέν | ὑπολείπω | VERB | V-APN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 15 τὸ | amod | high | Articular participle used substantively, modifying τὸ. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
οἱ δὲ Τρῶες ἐς τῆς νήσου τὰ ὑψηλὰ ἀναφεύγουσι, καταλαβόντες δὲ ὄρη δύσβατα ὑπὸ σκολόπων τε καὶ κρημνῶν Ἰλιεῖς μὲν ὄνομα καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι ἔχουσι, Λίβυσι μέντοι τὰς μορφὰς καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τὴν σκευὴν καὶ ἐς τὴν πᾶσαν δίαιταν ἐοίκασιν.
The syntax is multipart with coordinated main predicates; ὑπὸ σκολόπων τε καὶ κρημνῶν is analyzed as a genitive phrase under ὑπό, and the final clause has several coordinated accusative objects/complements under ἐοίκασιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 Τρῶες | det | high | Article with Τρῶες. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἀναφεύγουσι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Τρῶες | Τρώς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀναφεύγουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀναφεύγουσι. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 6 νήσου | case | high | Preposition governing νήσου. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 νήσου | det | high | Article with νήσου. |
| 6 | νήσου | νῆσος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἀναφεύγουσι | obl | medium | Likely genitive with ἐς; text may reflect dialect/orthography for εἰς. |
| 7 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ὑψηλὰ | det | high | Article with ὑψηλά. |
| 8 | ὑψηλὰ | ὑψηλός | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἀναφεύγουσι | obj | medium | Neuter plural object/complement with motion verb. |
| 9 | ἀναφεύγουσι | ἀναφεύγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀναφεύγουσι | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 11 | καταλαβόντες | καταλαμβάνω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 27 ἔχουσι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying ἔχουσι. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 11 καταλαβόντες | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 13 | ὄρη | ὄρος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 καταλαβόντες | obj | high | Object of καταλαβόντες. |
| 14 | δύσβατα | δύσβατος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 ὄρη | amod | high | Modifies ὄρη. |
| 15 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 19 κρημνῶν | case | high | Preposition with genitives. |
| 16 | σκολόπων | σκόλοψ | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 κρημνῶν | obl | high | First coordinated genitive governed by ὑπό. |
| 17 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 16 σκολόπων | cc | high | Enclitic coordinator. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 19 κρημνῶν | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 19 | κρημνῶν | κρημνός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 σκολόπων | conj | high | Second coordinated genitive under ὑπό. |
| 20 | Ἰλιεῖς | Ἰλιεύς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 ἔχουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔχουσι. |
| 21 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 20 Ἰλιεῖς | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 22 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ἔχουσι | obj | high | Direct object of ἔχουσι. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 27 ἔχουσι | cc | high | Coordinates with the following clause. |
| 24 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 25 ἐμὲ | case | high | Preposition with ἐμέ. |
| 25 | ἐμὲ | ἐγώ | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 27 ἔχουσι | obl | high | Directional/object of ἐς. |
| 26 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | _ | _ | 27 ἔχουσι | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἔχουσι. |
| 27 | ἔχουσι | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 καταλαβόντες | conj | high | Second main predicate coordinated with the participial phrase; likely ellipted μὲν ... δὲ structure. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ἔχουσι | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 29 | Λίβυσι | Λίβυς | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 ἐοίκασιν | obl | medium | Dative of comparison/association with ἐοίκασιν. |
| 30 | μέντοι | μέντοι | PART | _ | _ | 43 ἐοίκασιν | discourse | high | Contrastive particle. |
| 31 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 32 μορφὰς | det | high | Article with μορφάς. |
| 32 | μορφὰς | μορφή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 43 ἐοίκασιν | obj | high | First object in comparison list. |
| 33 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 35 ὅπλων | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 34 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 35 ὅπλων | det | high | Article with ὅπλων. |
| 35 | ὅπλων | ὅπλον | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 37 σκευὴν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on σκευήν. |
| 36 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 37 σκευὴν | det | high | Article with σκευήν. |
| 37 | σκευὴν | σκευή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 μορφὰς | conj | high | Second coordinated noun with μορφάς. |
| 38 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 43 ἐοίκασιν | cc | high | Coordinates final comparative phrase. |
| 39 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 42 δίαιταν | case | high | Preposition with δίαιταν. |
| 40 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 42 δίαιταν | det | high | Article with δίαιταν. |
| 41 | πᾶσαν | πᾶς | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 42 δίαιταν | amod | high | Modifies δίαιταν. |
| 42 | δίαιταν | δίαιτα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 43 ἐοίκασιν | obl | high | Prepositional object with ἐς. |
| 43 | ἐοίκασιν | ἔοικα | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of final clause. |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 43 ἐοίκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |