Grammar parses for passage 10.17.9
Open translation for this passage
Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ ὅτε ναυτικῷ μάλιστα ἴσχυσαν, κατεστρέψαντο μὲν καὶ ἅπαντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Σαρδοῖ πλὴν Ἰλιέων τε καὶ Κορσῶν---τούτοις δὲ μὴ ἐς δουλείαν ὑπαχθῆναι τὸ ἐχυρὸν ἤρκεσε τῶν ὀρῶν---, ᾤκισαν δὲ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ καὶ αὐτοὶ πόλιν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι Κάραλίν τε καὶ Σύλκους.
The sentence has a μέν...δέ structure: Καρχηδόνιοι are the subject of the coordinated predicates κατεστρέψαντο and ᾤκισαν; the intervening ἤρκεσε clause is parenthetical/paratactic and explains why the Ilians and Corsicans escaped enslavement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Καρχηδόνιοι | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | Nb.Nom.Pl.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὅτε | ὅτε | SCONJ | AdvRel | _ | 6 ἴσχυσαν | mark | high | |
| 4 | ναυτικῷ | ναυτικός | ADJ | Ajoi.Sg.Neut | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἴσχυσαν | obl | medium | Substantivized dative: in naval power / with a fleet. |
| 5 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | Dg | Degree=Sup | 6 ἴσχυσαν | advmod | high | |
| 6 | ἴσχυσαν | ἰσχύω | VERB | Vpaaia3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | advcl | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | punct | high | |
| 8 | κατεστρέψαντο | καταστρέφω | VERB | Vpmai3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Prt | _ | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | discourse | high | Correlative with δὲ at token 40. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 11 ἅπαντας | cc | high | |
| 11 | ἅπαντας | ἅπας | ADJ | A-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | obj | high | |
| 12 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S--Pma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐν | det | high | |
| 13 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 15 Σαρδοῖ | case | high | |
| 14 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | S--Sfd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 Σαρδοῖ | det | high | |
| 15 | Σαρδοῖ | Σαρδώ | PROPN | Nb.Dat.Sg.Fem | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἅπαντας | nmod | high | |
| 16 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | R | _ | 17 Ἰλιέων | case | high | |
| 17 | Ἰλιέων | Ἰλιεύς | PROPN | Nb.Gen.Pl.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἅπαντας | nmod | high | Object of exception phrase with πλήν; coordinated with token 20. |
| 18 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 17 Ἰλιέων | cc | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 20 Κορσῶν | cc | high | |
| 20 | Κορσῶν | Κορσός | PROPN | Nb.Gen.Pl.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 Ἰλιέων | conj | high | |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 τούτοις | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 τούτοις | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 τούτοις | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 24 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | Pd.D与.Pl.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ὑπαχθῆναι | iobj | high | |
| 25 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 32 ἤρκεσε | cc | high | |
| 26 | μὴ | μή | PART | Neg | Polarity=Neg | 29 ὑπαχθῆναι | advmod | high | |
| 27 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 28 δουλείαν | case | high | |
| 28 | δουλείαν | δουλεία | NOUN | Nb.Acv.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 ὑπαχθῆναι | obl | high | |
| 29 | ὑπαχθῆναι | ὑπάγω | VERB | Vpan | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 32 ἤρκεσε | csubj | high | Infinitival subject of ἤρκεσε. |
| 30 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S--Sna- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἐχυρὸν | det | high | |
| 31 | ἐχυρὸν | ἐχυρός | ADJ | A-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 32 ἤρκεσε | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the strong/defensible character’. |
| 32 | ἤρκεσε | ἀρκέω | VERB | Vpaaia3s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | parataxis | high | |
| 33 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S--Png- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 34 ὀρῶν | det | high | |
| 34 | ὀρῶν | ὄρος | NOUN | Nb.Gen.Pl.Neut | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 31 ἐχυρὸν | nmod | high | |
| 35 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἤρκεσε | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 36 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἤρκεσε | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 37 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἤρκεσε | punct | high | Em dash. |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ᾤκισαν | punct | high | |
| 39 | ᾤκισαν | οἰκίζω | VERB | Vpaaia3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | conj | high | Second μέν...δέ coordinated predicate. |
| 40 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 39 ᾤκισαν | cc | high | |
| 41 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 43 νήσῳ | case | high | |
| 42 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | S--Sfd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 43 νήσῳ | det | high | |
| 43 | νήσῳ | νῆσος | NOUN | Nb.Dat.Sg.Fem | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 39 ᾤκισαν | obl | high | |
| 44 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 45 αὐτοὶ | cc | high | |
| 45 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | Pp.Nom.Pl.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 39 ᾤκισαν | nsubj | high | Intensive pronoun: they themselves. |
| 46 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | Nb.Acc.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 39 ᾤκισαν | obj | high | |
| 47 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | S--Pnm- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 48 Καρχηδόνιοι | det | high | |
| 48 | Καρχηδόνιοι | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | Nb.Nom.Pl.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 39 ᾤκισαν | nsubj | high | |
| 49 | Κάραλίν | Κάραλις | PROPN | Nb.Acc.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 46 πόλιν | appos | high | Coordinated place-name apposition to πόλιν. |
| 50 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 49 Κάραλίν | cc | high | |
| 51 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Cjco | _ | 52 Σύλκους | cc | high | |
| 52 | Σύλκους | Σύλκοι | PROPN | Nb.Acc.Pl.Masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 49 Κάραλίν | conj | medium | Form is treated as accusative plural of the place-name; exact lexical inflection is uncertain. |
| 53 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 κατεστρέψαντο | punct | high |
τοῦ δὲ ἐπικουρικοῦ τῶν Καρχηδονίων Λίβυες ἢ Ἴβηρες ἐς ἀμφισβήτησιν λαφύρων ἀφικόμενοι καὶ ὡς εἶχον ὀργῆς ἀποστάντες ἐσῳκίσαντο ἐς τὰ ὑψηλὰ καὶ οὗτοι τῆς νήσου.
The sentence has a coordinated subject (Λίβυες ἢ Ἴβηρες, resumed by οὗτοι) with two circumstantial participles; τῆς νήσου is an end-position genitive of relation/partitive modifying the settlement statement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἐπικουρικοῦ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐπικουρικοῦ | ἐπικουρικός | NOUN | ----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Λίβυες | nmod | medium | Substantivized adjective, 'auxiliary force'; dependent on Λίβυες/Ἴβηρες. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Καρχηδονίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Καρχηδονίων | Καρχηδόνιος | PROPN | A--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἐπικουρικοῦ | nmod | high | |
| 6 | Λίβυες | Λίβυς | PROPN | N--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | nsubj | high | First member of the coordinated subject. |
| 7 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 8 Ἴβηρες | cc | high | Alternative coordinator. |
| 8 | Ἴβηρες | Ἴβηρ | PROPN | N--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Λίβυες | conj | high | Alternative/coordinated subject. |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 ἀμφισβήτησιν | case | high | |
| 10 | ἀμφισβήτησιν | ἀμφισβήτησις | NOUN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἀφικόμενοι | obl | medium | Purpose/occasion expression with ἀφικόμενοι. |
| 11 | λαφύρων | λάφυρον | NOUN | N--GPN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἀμφισβήτησιν | nmod | high | |
| 12 | ἀφικόμενοι | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V--NAPMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 17 ἀποστάντες | cc | high | Coordinates participial clauses. |
| 14 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | -------- | _ | 15 εἶχον | mark | medium | Introduces an idiomatic clause meaning 'as they had'. |
| 15 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 17 ἀποστάντες | advcl | medium | Imperfect in ὡς εἶχον ὀργῆς, idiomatic construction. |
| 16 | ὀργῆς | ὀργή | NOUN | N--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 εἶχον | obj | medium | Genitive with εἶχον in the idiom 'be angry/resentful'. |
| 17 | ἀποστάντες | ἀφίστημι | VERB | V--NAPMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, 'having withdrawn'. |
| 18 | ἐσῳκίσαντο | οἰκίζω | VERB | V-AMI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist middle, likely 'settled themselves/established themselves'; exact lexical analysis of the form is somewhat uncertain. |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 ὑψηλὰ | case | high | |
| 20 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 21 ὑψηλὰ | det | high | |
| 21 | ὑψηλὰ | ὑψηλός | ADJ | A--APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'the high places'. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 23 οὗτοι | cc | high | Coordinates οὗτοι with the preceding subject. |
| 23 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | P--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | nsubj | high | Resumptive/emphatic subject, 'these too'. |
| 24 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 νήσου | det | high | |
| 25 | νήσου | νῆσος | NOUN | N--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | nmod | medium | Genitive of relation/partitive: 'of the island'. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐσῳκίσαντο | punct | high |
Βαλαροὶ τὸ ὄνομά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς κατὰ γλῶσσαν τὴν Κυρνίων·
The sentence means ‘Balaroi is their name according to the language of the Cyrnians’; Βαλαροὶ is a nominative predicate/name expression with an elliptical or impersonal εἰμί construction, while τὸ ὄνομα is the subject and αὐτοῖς the dative of possession/reference. κατὰ γλῶσσαν governs the genitive Κυρνίων.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Βαλαροὶ | Βαλαρός | PROPN | N--pm | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Plural nominative ethnic/name form; predicative naming expression. |
| 2 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S--na | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ὄνομά | det | high | |
| 3 | ὄνομά | ὄνομα | NOUN | N--na | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστιν; final -α bears accentuation before enclitic. |
| 4 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V--spia3s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/identity verb; singular agreement follows τὸ ὄνομα. |
| 5 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P--mdp | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐστιν | iobj | high | Dative of possession or reference: ‘their name’. |
| 6 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R | _ | 7 γλῶσσαν | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative. |
| 7 | γλῶσσαν | γλῶσσα | NOUN | N--fa | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐστιν | obl | high | Accusative object of κατά in the phrase ‘according to the language’. |
| 8 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | S--fa | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 γλῶσσαν | det | high | |
| 9 | Κυρνίων | Κύρνιος | PROPN | N--pm | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 γλῶσσαν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on γλῶσσαν: ‘of the Cyrnians’. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐστιν | punct | high |
Βαλαροὺς γὰρ τοὺς φυγάδας καλοῦσιν οἱ Κύρνιοι.
The sentence means that the Kyrnians call the fugitives Βαλαροί/Βαλαρούς; Βαλαρούς is the predicative/object complement-like name with φυγάδας in apposition.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Βαλαροὺς | Βάλαρος | NOUN | N-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 καλοῦσιν | obj | medium | Ethnic/local designation used substantivally; object of καλοῦσιν. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G--------- | _ | 5 καλοῦσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 φυγάδας | det | high | |
| 4 | φυγάδας | φυγάς | NOUN | N-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 Βαλαροὺς | appos | high | Appositional noun identifying Βαλαρούς: 'the exiles'. |
| 5 | καλοῦσιν | καλέω | VERB | V-ppia-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 Κύρνιοι | det | high | |
| 7 | Κύρνιοι | Κύρνιος | PROPN | A-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 καλοῦσιν | nsubj | high | Ethnic name functioning as a proper-name plural. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 καλοῦσιν | punct | high |