Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 10.19.12

← 10.19.11 10.20.1 →

Passage 10.19.12

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5sentences parsed

121Greek tokens

3,970input tokens

8,565output tokens

Sentence 1

10.19.12 sentence 1

Tokens: 14
Input: 701
Output: 1,056
Total: 1,757

παρασκευῇ μὲν τοσαύτῃ καὶ μετὰ διανοίας τοιαύτης ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁ Βρέννος ἤλαυνε·

Βρέννος is the subject of ἤλαυνε; παρασκευῇ and μετὰ διανοίας are instrumental/circumstantial adjuncts, with τοσαύτῃ and τοιαύτης agreeing respectively. The exact force of μὲν is discourse-linking and left uncoordinated here.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	παρασκευῇ	παρασκευή	NOUN	N-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 ἤλαυνε	obl	high	Dative of means or attendant circumstance.
2	μὲν	μέν	PART	TE粒	_	1 παρασκευῇ	discourse	high	Postpositive discourse particle; corresponding δέ is outside this sentence or understood.
3	τοσαύτῃ	τοσοῦτος	DET	A-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	1 παρασκευῇ	det	high	Correlative demonstrative agreeing with παρασκευῇ.
4	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	5 μετὰ	cc	high	Coordinates the two circumstantial adjuncts.
5	μετὰ	μετά	ADP	R--------	_	6 διανοίας	case	high	With genitive, meaning 'with'.
6	διανοίας	διάνοια	NOUN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 ἤλαυνε	obl	high	Genitive complement of μετά, in an accompanying-circumstance phrase.
7	τοιαύτης	τοιοῦτος	DET	A-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	6 διανοίας	det	high	Correlative demonstrative agreeing with διανοίας.
8	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R--------	_	10 Ἑλλάδα	case	high	With accusative, marking goal or direction.
9	τὴν	ὁ	DET	L-ASF	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 Ἑλλάδα	det	high	Article agreeing with Ἑλλάδα.
10	Ἑλλάδα	Ἑλλάς	PROPN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 ἤλαυνε	obl	high	Goal of motion with ἐπί.
11	ὁ	ὁ	DET	L-NSM	Case=Nom\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	12 Βρέννος	det	high	Article with the proper name.
12	Βρέννος	Βρέννος	PROPN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	13 ἤλαυνε	nsubj	high	Subject of ἤλαυνε.
13	ἤλαυνε	ἐλαύνω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Imperfect indicative: 'was advancing/marching'.
14	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	13 ἤλαυνε	punct	high

Sentence 2

10.19.12 sentence 2

Tokens: 23
Input: 777
Output: 1,652
Total: 2,429

τοῖς δέ γε Ἕλλησι κατεπεπτώκει μὲν ἐς ἅπαν τὰ φρονήματα, τὸ δὲ ἰσχυρὸν τοῦ δείματος προῆγεν ἐς ἀνάγκην τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἀμύνειν.

The first clause is impersonal/semantically ‘the Greeks had been utterly cast down in their spirits’; the second coordinates a substantivized subject τὸ ἰσχυρὸν τοῦ δείματος with προῆγεν and an infinitival complement.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	T--DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	4 Ἕλλησι	det	high
2	δέ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	5 κατεπεπτώκει	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	γε	γε	PART	X--------	_	4 Ἕλλησι	discourse	high	Emphatic particle.
4	Ἕλλησι	Ἕλλην	PROPN	Nb-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	5 κατεπεπτώκει	obl	high	Dative of affected person/group.
5	κατεπεπτώκει	καταπίπτω	VERB	V3PluPAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Plup\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	medium	Pluperfect form; impersonal/intransitive construction, with dative τοῖς Ἕλλησι.
6	μὲν	μέν	PART	X--------	_	5 κατεπεπτώκει	discourse	high	Correlative particle, answered by δέ at token 13.
7	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	10 φρονήματα	case	high
8	ἅπαν	ἅπας	ADJ	A-SAN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	10 φρονήματα	amod	high	With neuter plural-like semantic force in τὰ φρονήματα.
9	τὰ	ὁ	DET	T-PNA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	10 φρονήματα	det	high
10	φρονήματα	φρόνημα	NOUN	Nb-PNA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	5 κατεπεπτώκει	obl	high	Prepositional extent/domain phrase ἐς ἅπαν τὰ φρονήματα.
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	5 κατεπεπτώκει	punct	high
12	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-SNA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	14 ἰσχυρὸν	det	high	Substantivizing article with adjective ἰσχυρόν.
13	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	17 προῆγεν	cc	high	Connects the second coordinated clause.
14	ἰσχυρὸν	ἰσχυρός	ADJ	A-SNA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	17 προῆγεν	nsubj	medium	Substantivized neuter adjective, subject of προῆγεν.
15	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T-SNG	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	16 δείματος	det	high
16	δείματος	δεῖμα	NOUN	Nb-SNG	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	14 ἰσχυρὸν	nmod	high	Genitive dependent on τὸ ἰσχυρόν: the force/intensity of fear.
17	προῆγεν	προάγω	VERB	V3SiIAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	5 κατεπεπτώκει	conj	high	Second coordinated finite clause.
18	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	19 ἀνάγκην	case	high
19	ἀνάγκην	ἀνάγκη	NOUN	Nb-SFA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 προῆγεν	obl	high	εἰς ἀνάγκην, ‘into necessity/constraint’.
20	τῇ	ὁ	DET	T-SDF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	21 Ἑλλάδι	det	high
21	Ἑλλάδι	Ἑλλάς	PROPN	Nb-SDF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	22 ἀμύνειν	iobj	high	Dative with ἀμύνειν, the entity for whom/to whom defense is owed.
22	ἀμύνειν	ἀμύνω	VERB	V--PAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	17 προῆγεν	xcomp	high	Infinitive complement of προῆγεν.
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	5 κατεπεπτώκει	punct	high

Sentence 3

10.19.12 sentence 3

Tokens: 30
Input: 847
Output: 2,148
Total: 2,995

ἑώρων δὲ τὸν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀγῶνα οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἐλευθερίας γενησόμενον, καθὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ Μήδου ποτέ, οὐδὲ δοῦσιν ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν τὰ ἀπὸ τούτου σφίσιν ἄδειαν φέροντα·

The accusative participle γενησόμενον modifies ἀγῶνα after ἑώρων; δοῦσιν is an aorist active participle coordinated with γενησόμενον, with ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν as its objects and ἄδειαν φέροντα as a further object-oriented participle. The syntax of καθὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ Μήδου ποτέ is elliptical and interpreted as a comparison to the Median episode; δοῦσιν may be textually or morphologically uncertain in context.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἑώρων	ὁράω	VERB	V-IAI-3P	Mood=Indicative\|Number=Plural\|Person=3\|Tense=Imperfect\|Voice=Active	0 ROOT	root	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	1 ἑώρων	cc	high
3	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 ἀγῶνα	det	high
4	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	_	6 παρόντι	case	high
5	τῷ	ὁ	DET	T-DSM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	6 παρόντι	det	high
6	παρόντι	πάρειμι	VERB	V-PAP-DSM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Participle\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Present\|Voice=Active	7 ἀγῶνα	obl	high	Substantivized participle, ‘the present circumstances/time’.
7	ἀγῶνα	ἀγών	NOUN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	11 γενησόμενον	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitival/participial predication under ἑώρων.
8	οὐχ	οὐ	PART	PART	Polarity=Neg	11 γενησόμενον	advmod	high
9	ὑπὲρ	ὑπέρ	ADP	PREP	_	10 ἐλευθερίας	case	high
10	ἐλευθερίας	ἐλευθερία	NOUN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	11 γενησόμενον	obl	high
11	γενησόμενον	γίγνομαι	VERB	V-FMP-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Participle\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Future\|Voice=Middle	1 ἑώρων	xcomp	high	Predicative participle in an accusative-and-participle construction with ἀγῶνα.
12	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	11 γενησόμενον	punct	high
13	καθὰ	καθά	SCONJ	CONJ	_	11 γενησόμενον	mark	medium	Comparative/relative connective with elliptical following phrase.
14	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	PREP	_	16 Μήδου	case	high
15	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	16 Μήδου	det	high
16	Μήδου	Μῆδος	PROPN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	13 καθὰ	obl	medium	Elliptical historical reference; likely ‘in the time/affair of the Mede’.
17	ποτέ	ποτέ	ADV	ADV	_	16 Μήδου	advmod	high
18	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	13 καθὰ	punct	high
19	οὐδὲ	οὐδέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	11 γενησόμενον	cc	high	Coordinates the second participial complement.
20	δοῦσιν	δίδωμι	VERB	V-AAP-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Participle\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aorist\|Voice=Active	11 γενησόμενον	conj	low	Interpreted as an accusative aorist active participle agreeing with ἀγῶνα; the supplied form is morphologically uncertain.
21	ὕδωρ	ὕδωρ	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	20 δοῦσιν	obj	high
22	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	23 γῆν	cc	high
23	γῆν	γῆ	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	20 δοῦσιν	conj	high
24	τὰ	ὁ	DET	T-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plural	29 φέροντα	det	medium	Article with substantivized or elliptical neuter plural expression.
25	ἀπὸ	ἀπό	ADP	PREP	_	26 τούτου	case	high
26	τούτου	οὗτος	PRON	D-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	24 τὰ	nmod	high
27	σφίσιν	σφεῖς	PRON	P-3PD	Case=Dat\|Number=Plural\|Person=3	29 φέροντα	iobj	high	Reflexive/third-person plural dative, ‘for themselves/them’.
28	ἄδειαν	ἄδεια	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	29 φέροντα	obj	high
29	φέροντα	φέρω	VERB	V-PAP-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Mood=Participle\|Number=Plural\|Tense=Present\|Voice=Active	20 δοῦσιν	conj	medium	Accusative neuter plural participle, likely agreeing with τὰ and describing what the grant of water and earth brings.
30	·	·	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	1 ἑώρων	punct	high

Sentence 4

10.19.12 sentence 4

Tokens: 33
Input: 880
Output: 2,134
Total: 3,014

ἀλλὰ τά τε ἐς Μακεδόνας καὶ Θρᾷκας καὶ Παίονας τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας καταδρομῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ἔτι σφίσιν ἔκειτο ἐν μνήμῃ, καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ παρόντι τὰ ἐς Θεσσαλοὺς παρανομήματα ἀπηγγέλλετο.

The sentence coordinates two neuter-plural substantivized nominal expressions: remembered matters from the earlier Galatian incursion and present reports of outrages against the Thessalians; the second predicate is morphologically singular and impersonal/passive-like.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἀλλὰ	ἀλλά	CCONJ	_	_	19 ἔκειτο	cc	high
2	τά	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	10 τὰ	det	high	Substantivized article.
3	τε	τε	CCONJ	_	_	10 τὰ	cc	high
4	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	_	_	5 Μακεδόνας	case	high	Epic/poetic form of εἰς.
5	Μακεδόνας	Μακεδών	PROPN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	10 τὰ	nmod	high	First member of coordinated geographic complement.
6	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	5 Μακεδόνας	cc	high
7	Θρᾷκας	Θρᾷξ	PROPN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	5 Μακεδόνας	conj	high
8	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	5 Μακεδόνας	cc	high
9	Παίονας	Παίων	PROPN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	5 Μακεδόνας	conj	high
10	τὰ	ὁ	PRON	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	19 ἔκειτο	nsubj	medium	Substantivized neuter plural article/pronoun, first coordinated subject.
11	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	_	_	14 καταδρομῆς	case	high
12	τῆς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	14 καταδρομῆς	det	high
13	προτέρας	πρότερος	ADJ	_	Case=Gen\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	14 καταδρομῆς	amod	high
14	καταδρομῆς	καταδρομή	NOUN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 τὰ	nmod	high	Genitive with ἐπί, temporal circumstance.
15	τῶν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	16 Γαλατῶν	det	high
16	Γαλατῶν	Γαλάτης	PROPN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	14 καταδρομῆς	nmod	high	Genitive dependent on καταδρομή.
17	ἔτι	ἔτι	ADV	_	_	19 ἔκειτο	advmod	high
18	σφίσιν	σφεῖς	PRON	_	Case=Dat\|Number=Plur\|Person=3	19 ἔκειτο	iobj	high	Dative of possession/reference.
19	ἔκειτο	κεῖμαι	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high
20	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	_	_	21 μνήμῃ	case	high
21	μνήμῃ	μνήμη	NOUN	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 ἔκειτο	obl	high	Locative/state complement.
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	19 ἔκειτο	punct	high
23	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	32 ἀπηγγέλλετο	cc	high	Coordinates the second predicate/clause.
24	τὰ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	31 παρανομήματα	det	high	Substantivized article.
25	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	_	_	27 παρόντι	case	high
26	τῷ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	27 παρόντι	det	high
27	παρόντι	παρών	ADJ	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	31 παρανομήματα	obl	high	Substantivized adjective: 'the present time'.
28	τὰ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	31 παρανομήματα	det	high	Substantivized accusative plural, object of ἀπηγγέλλετο.
29	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	_	_	30 Θεσσαλοὺς	case	high	Epic/poetic form of εἰς.
30	Θεσσαλοὺς	Θεσσαλός	PROPN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	31 παρανομήματα	nmod	high
31	παρανομήματα	παρανόμημα	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	32 ἀπηγγέλλετο	obj	high
32	ἀπηγγέλλετο	ἀπαγγέλλω	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Mid	19 ἔκειτο	conj	medium	Impersonal/passive-like middle; coordinated predicate with omitted or impersonal subject.
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	32 ἀπηγγέλλετο	punct	high

Sentence 5

10.19.12 sentence 5

Tokens: 21
Input: 765
Output: 1,575
Total: 2,340

ὡς οὖν ἀπολωλέναι δέον ἢ δʼ οὖν ἐπικρατεστέρους εἶναι, κατʼ ἄνδρα τε ἰδίᾳ καὶ αἱ πόλεις διέκειντο ἐν κοινῷ.

The opening ὡς-clause is elliptical/idiomatic: ἀπολωλέναι δέον is read as ‘it being necessary to perish’, contrasted by ἢ ... εἶναι; κατ’ ἄνδρα and αἱ πόλεις are coordinated adverbial subjects/frames for διέκειντο. The supplied δʼ is orthographic δέ and syntactically difficult; it is treated as a connective particle introducing the alternative.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ὡς	ὡς	SCONJ	CONJ	_	3 ἀπολωλέναι	mark	medium	Introduces an infinitival clause; exact discourse force is context-dependent.
2	οὖν	οὖν	ADV	ADV	_	3 ἀπολωλέναι	advmod	high	Inferential particle/adverb.
3	ἀπολωλέναι	ἀπόλλυμι	VERB	V--RAN----	Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	18 διέκειντο	csubj	medium	Perfect active infinitive, apparently paired with δέον in an impersonal elliptical construction.
4	δέον	δέω	VERB	V-PAN----	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	3 ἀπολωλέναι	xcomp	low	Neuter nominative present participle used impersonally (‘being necessary’); attachment to ἀπολωλέναι is interpretive.
5	ἢ	ἤ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	9 εἶναι	cc	medium	Coordinates the alternative infinitival predicate.
6	δʼ	δέ	PART	PART	_	9 εἶναι	discourse	medium	Elided δέ; connective/contrastive particle.
7	οὖν	οὖν	ADV	ADV	_	9 εἶναι	advmod	high	Inferential particle.
8	ἐπικρατεστέρους	ἐπικρατής	ADJ	A--PAM----	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	9 εἶναι	xcomp	high	Comparative adjective functioning as predicate accusative with εἶναι.
9	εἶναι	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAN----	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	18 διέκειντο	ccomp	high	Alternative infinitive, coordinated semantically with ἀπολωλέναι.
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	18 διέκειντο	punct	high
11	κατʼ	κατά	ADP	PREP	_	12 ἄνδρα	case	high	Preposition governing ἄνδρα.
12	ἄνδρα	ἀνήρ	NOUN	N--ASM----	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	18 διέκειντο	obl	medium	κατ’ ἄνδρα means distributively ‘man by man’.
13	τε	τε	CCONJ	PART	_	12 ἄνδρα	cc	high	Postpositive coordinating particle.
14	ἰδίᾳ	ἴδιος	ADV	ADV	Degree=Pos	18 διέκειντο	advmod	high	Adverbial form, ‘privately/individually’.
15	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	17 πόλεις	cc	high	Coordinates the individual and civic frames.
16	αἱ	ὁ	DET	L--NPN----	Case=Nom\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	17 πόλεις	det	high
17	πόλεις	πόλις	NOUN	N--NP----	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	18 διέκειντο	nsubj	high	Subject of διέκειντο.
18	διέκειντο	διάκειμαι	VERB	V-IIM-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Main finite verb, ‘were situated/disposed’.
19	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	_	20 κοινῷ	case	high	Preposition governing κοινῷ.
20	κοινῷ	κοινός	ADJ	A--DSN----	Case=Dat\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	18 διέκειντο	obl	high	Substantivized neuter adjective, ‘in common/publicly’.
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	18 διέκειντο	punct	high

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