Grammar parses for passage 10.20.4
Open translation for this passage
Λοκροὺς δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ Ἀταλάντῃ τῇ νήσῳ Μειδίας ἦγεν· ἀριθμὸς δὲ αὐτῶν ἑπτακόσιοι, καὶ ἱππικόν σφισιν οὐ προσῆν.
The sentence contains an omitted finite verb in the first clause, supplied as ἦγεν; Λοκρούς is its accusative object. Ἀταλάντῃ τῇ νήσῳ is a locative phrase with appositional νήσῳ, while Μειδίας is the genitive possessor of the omitted/implicit subject or commander. The second clause is a nominal clause: ἑπτακόσιοι agrees with an implicit masculine plural subject referring to αὐτῶν; ἱππικόν is the subject of προσῆν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λοκροὺς | Λοκρός | PROPN | A----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἦγεν | obj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἦγεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 Λοκροὺς | det | high | |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 Ἀταλάντῃ | case | high | |
| 5 | Ἀταλάντῃ | Ἀταλάντη | PROPN | A----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 Λοκροὺς | nmod | high | With ἐπί, locative datival complement; modifies the specified Locrians. |
| 6 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | RA----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 νήσῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | νήσῳ | νῆσος | NOUN | N----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 Ἀταλάντῃ | appos | high | Apposition to Ἀταλάντῃ. |
| 8 | Μειδίας | Μειδίας | PROPN | A----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἦγεν | nsubj | medium | Genitive of the governing subject/agent, with the finite subject understood; syntactically somewhat elliptical. |
| 9 | ἦγεν | ἄγω | VERB | V3SIAAI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦγεν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἀριθμὸς | ἀριθμός | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἑπτακόσιοι | nsubj | medium | Can be analyzed as the subject of an implicit copula, with ἑπτακόσιοι as a predicate numeral; alternatively the numeral may be appositional. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 ἀριθμὸς | cc | high | |
| 13 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 11 ἀριθμὸς | nmod | high | Partitive/genitive: the number of them. |
| 14 | ἑπτακόσιοι | ἑπτακόσιοι | NUM | M---NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Predicate numeral in a verbless clause; root selected for the coordinated second clause. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἑπτακόσιοι | punct | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἑπτακόσιοι | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἱππικόν | ἱππικόν | NOUN | N---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 προσῆν | nsubj | high | Cavalry as a mass noun. |
| 18 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 20 προσῆν | iobj | high | Dative of possession/association: there was not cavalry for them. |
| 19 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 20 προσῆν | advmod | high | |
| 20 | προσῆν | πάρειμι | VERB | V3SIIAI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 14 ἑπτακόσιοι | conj | high | Coordinated finite clause, with singular agreement to neuter singular ἱππικόν. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἑπτακόσιοι | punct | high |
παρὰ δὲ Μεγαρέων ἀφίκοντο ὁπλῖται τετρακόσιοι· τούτων ἦγε τὸ †ἱππικὸν Μεγαρεύς.
Two clauses are coordinated by punctuation: παρὰ Μεγαρέων is a source/partitive phrase with ἀφίκοντο, while τούτων is a partitive genitive with ἦγε. The dagger marks a corrupt or uncertain reading; ἱππικόν is treated as the neuter substantivized object of ἦγε, with Μεγαρεύς as its subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 4 ἀφίκοντο | case | high | With genitive, expressing source/origin. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C------- | _ | 4 ἀφίκοντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Μεγαρέων | Μεγαρεύς | PROPN | N-P---GM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἀφίκοντο | obl | high | Ethnic proper noun, genitive plural; source/affiliation. |
| 4 | ἀφίκοντο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-2ADI-P--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle, third-person plural. |
| 5 | ὁπλῖται | ὁπλίτης | NOUN | N-NP---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἀφίκοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀφίκοντο. |
| 6 | τετρακόσιοι | τετρακόσιοι | NUM | A-NP---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 5 ὁπλῖται | nummod | high | Cardinal numeral modifying ὁπλῖται. |
| 7 | · | · | PUNCT | U | _ | 4 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | |
| 8 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | P-G---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 9 ἦγε | obl | high | Partitive genitive, ‘of these’. |
| 9 | ἦγε | ἄγω | VERB | V-IAI-S--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Finite verb of the second clause; coordination with the preceding clause is implicit across the semicolon. |
| 10 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-SN---NA- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἱππικὸν | det | high | Article with substantivized ἱππικόν. |
| 11 | † | † | SYM | X | _ | 12 ἱππικὸν | dep | low | Text-critical dagger; syntactic status uncertain. |
| 12 | ἱππικὸν | ἱππικός | NOUN | A-SN---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἦγε | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter adjective, object of ἦγε; the dagger indicates textual uncertainty. |
| 13 | Μεγαρεύς | Μεγαρεύς | PROPN | N-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἦγε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦγε. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | U | _ | 9 ἦγε | punct | high |
Αἰτωλῶν δὲ πλείστη τε ἐγένετο στρατιὰ καὶ ἐς πᾶσαν μάχης ἰδέαν, ἡ μὲν ἵππος οὐ λέγουσιν ὁπόση, ψιλοὶ δὲ ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακόσιοι, πλέονες δὲ ἑπτακισχιλίων ἀριθμὸν ἦσαν οἱ ὁπλιτεύοντες·
The passage is highly compressed: ἐγένετο introduces the Aetolian force, followed by coordinated/juxtaposed descriptions; ἡ ἵππος οὐ λέγουσιν ὁπόση is treated as a reporting clause with an elliptical quantity complement, while the final numerical clause has substantivized adjectives and participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Αἰτωλῶν | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | N-/GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Genitive plural subject with στρατιὰ understood as a force of the Aetolians. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐγένετο | cc | high | |
| 3 | πλείστη | πολύς | ADJ | A-SNF | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 στρατιὰ | amod | high | Superlative feminine agreeing with στρατιὰ. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 καὶ | cc | high | Correlative τε with καὶ. |
| 5 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | στρατιὰ | στρατιά | NOUN | N-SNF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate-like phrase ἐς ... ἰδέαν with the first description. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 ἰδέαν | case | high | |
| 9 | πᾶσαν | πᾶς | ADJ | A-SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἰδέαν | amod | high | |
| 10 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-SGF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἰδέαν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on ἰδέαν, likely ‘kind/form of battle’; construction is somewhat compressed. |
| 11 | ἰδέαν | ἰδέα | NOUN | N-SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐγένετο | obl | medium | Accusative with εἰς; phrase describes the army’s extent or suitability for every kind of battle. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐγένετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἵππος | det | high | |
| 14 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PTCL | _ | 15 ἵππος | discourse | high | Sets up contrast with the following numerical contingents. |
| 15 | ἵππος | ἵππος | NOUN | N-SNF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 λέγουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of λέγουσιν, with impersonal/indefinite reporting construction. |
| 16 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | ADV | Polarity=Neg | 17 λέγουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 17 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 ἐγένετο | parataxis | medium | Reporting clause; subject is ἡ ἵππος, with ὁπόση as an exclamative/indirect interrogative complement. |
| 18 | ὁπόση | ὁπόσος | DET | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἵππος | ccomp | medium | Predicative quantity complement understood with ἵππος; form is nominative feminine singular. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 λέγουσιν | punct | high | |
| 20 | ψιλοὶ | ψιλός | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘light-armed men’. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 30 ἦσαν | cc | high | |
| 22 | ἐνενήκοντα | ἐνενήκοντα | NUM | NUM | NumType=Card | 24 ἑπτακόσιοι | nummod | high | |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 ἑπτακόσιοι | cc | high | |
| 24 | ἑπτακόσιοι | ἑπτακόσιοι | NUM | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 20 ψιλοὶ | nummod | high | Numeral agrees with substantivized ψιλοί; ἐνενήκοντα is coordinated within the numeral. |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἦσαν | punct | high | |
| 26 | πλέονες | πολύς | ADJ | A-NPM-CMP | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized comparative, ‘more [than ...]’. |
| 27 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 30 ἦσαν | cc | high | |
| 28 | ἑπτακισχιλίων | ἑπτακισχίλιοι | NUM | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 26 πλέονες | nmod | high | Genitive of comparison with πλέονες. |
| 29 | ἀριθμὸν | ἀριθμός | NOUN | N-SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 ἦσαν | obl | high | Accusative of respect/measure: ‘in number’. |
| 30 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 5 ἐγένετο | parataxis | high | Copular clause with numerical/nominal subject phrases. |
| 31 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 32 ὁπλιτεύοντες | det | high | |
| 32 | ὁπλιτεύοντες | ὁπλιτεύω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 30 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized present participle, ‘the hoplite-serving men’; subject of ἦσαν. |
| 33 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐγένετο | punct | high |
Αἰτωλοὺς δὲ ἦγον Πολύαρχος καὶ Πολύφρων τε καὶ Λακράτης.
The plural imperfect verb agrees with the coordinated nominative subject Πολύαρχος, Πολύφρων, and Λακράτης; τε καί links the latter coordination.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Αἰτωλοὺς | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἦγον | obj | high | Accusative plural ethnic name. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 3 ἦγον | cc | high | Postpositive adversative/continuative conjunction. |
| 3 | ἦγον | ἄγω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect active, third-person plural. |
| 4 | Πολύαρχος | Πολύαρχος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἦγον | nsubj | high | First member of coordinated subject. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 6 Πολύφρων | cc | high | Coordinates the subject names. |
| 6 | Πολύφρων | Πολύφρων | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Πολύαρχος | conj | high | Coordinated subject; coordination is continued by τε καί. |
| 7 | τε | τε | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 9 Λακράτης | cc | high | First particle of τε καί coordination. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 9 Λακράτης | cc | high | Second coordinator in the τε καί pairing. |
| 9 | Λακράτης | Λακράτης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Πολύφρων | conj | high | Final coordinated subject. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἦγον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |