Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 10.20.8

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Passage 10.20.8

Open translation for this passage

4sentences parsed

104Greek tokens

3,248input tokens

7,450output tokens

Sentence 1

10.20.8 sentence 1

Tokens: 36
Input: 927
Output: 2,619
Total: 3,546

οὗτοι οὖν διαβαίνουσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ διανηχόμενοι ὧδε τὸ λιμνῶδες τοῦ ποταμοῦ· καὶ τὰ ὅπλα, τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους θυρεούς, ἐποιεῖτο ἕκαστος ἀντὶ σχεδίας, οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν μήκιστοι διελθεῖν ἐμβαδὸν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐδυνήθησαν.

The syntax is difficult in the second clause: ἐποιεῖτο is singular middle with ἕκαστος as subject and takes the coordinated accusative objects τὰ ὅπλα and τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους θυρεούς, understood as making/using them instead of a raft; μήκιστοι is a superlative predicate/subject-oriented adjective with οἱ αὐτῶν, while ἐμβαδὸν τὸ ὕδωρ is an accusative measure/object construction with διελθεῖν.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	οὗτοι	οὗτος	PRON	D-NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Dem	3 διαβαίνουσιν	nsubj	high
2	οὖν	οὖν	ADV	CONJ	_	3 διαβαίνουσιν	discourse	high	Inferential particle; UD label treated as discourse.
3	διαβαίνουσιν	διαβαίνω	VERB	V-PAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
4	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	_	6 νυκτὶ	case	high
5	τῇ	ὁ	DET	T-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	6 νυκτὶ	det	high
6	νυκτὶ	νύξ	NOUN	N-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	3 διαβαίνουσιν	obl	high
7	διανηχόμενοι	διανήχομαι	VERB	V-PMP-NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	3 διαβαίνουσιν	advcl	high	Circumstantial participle, subject co-referential with οὗτοι.
8	ὧδε	ὧδε	ADV	ADV	_	7 διανηχόμενοι	advmod	medium	Deictic adverb, probably modifying the manner/direction of swimming.
9	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-NSN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	10 λιμνῶδες	det	high
10	λιμνῶδες	λιμνώδης	ADJ	A-NSN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	3 διαβαίνουσιν	obj	medium	Substantivized neuter adjective, likely object of διαβαίνουσιν.
11	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	12 ποταμοῦ	det	high
12	ποταμοῦ	ποταμός	NOUN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	10 λιμνῶδες	nmod	high
13	·	·	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	3 διαβαίνουσιν	punct	high
14	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	22 ἐποιεῖτο	cc	high
15	τὰ	ὁ	DET	T-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	16 ὅπλα	det	high
16	ὅπλα	ὅπλον	NOUN	N-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	22 ἐποιεῖτο	obj	high
17	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	16 ὅπλα	punct	high
18	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	T-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	20 θυρεούς	det	high
19	ἐπιχωρίους	ἐπιχώριος	ADJ	A-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	20 θυρεούς	amod	high
20	θυρεούς	θυρεός	NOUN	N-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	16 ὅπλα	appos	high	Apposition specifying the weapons.
21	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	22 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high
22	ἐποιεῖτο	ποιέω	VERB	V-IMI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Mid	3 διαβαίνουσιν	conj	high	Middle voice; construction means making/using the shields as a substitute for a raft.
23	ἕκαστος	ἕκαστος	DET	A-NMS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Ind	22 ἐποιεῖτο	nsubj	high
24	ἀντὶ	ἀντί	ADP	PREP	_	25 σχεδίας	case	high
25	σχεδίας	σχεδία	NOUN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	22 ἐποιεῖτο	obl	high
26	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	22 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high
27	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T-NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	30 μήκιστοι	det	high
28	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	35 ἐδυνήθησαν	cc	high
29	αὐτῶν	αὐτός	PRON	P-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Prs	30 μήκιστοι	nmod:poss	high	Partitive/possessive genitive with οἱ μήκιστοι.
30	μήκιστοι	μακρός	ADJ	A-NPM-S	Case=Nom\|Degree=Sup\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	35 ἐδυνήθησαν	nsubj	medium	Superlative, substantivized; subject of διελθεῖν understood with ἐδυνήθησαν.
31	διελθεῖν	διέρχομαι	VERB	V-AAN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	35 ἐδυνήθησαν	xcomp	high	Complementary infinitive of ἐδυνήθησαν.
32	ἐμβαδὸν	ἐμβαδόν	ADV	ADV	_	31 διελθεῖν	advmod	medium	Adverbial accusative meaning on foot; construction may instead be read as a measure-like accusative.
33	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	34 ὕδωρ	det	high
34	ὕδωρ	ὕδωρ	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	31 διελθεῖν	obj	medium	Accusative object/extent with διελθεῖν.
35	ἐδυνήθησαν	δύναμαι	VERB	V-API-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Pass	22 ἐποιεῖτο	conj	high	Aorist passive-form of deponent δύναμαι, active in meaning.
36	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	35 ἐδυνήθησαν	punct	high

Sentence 2

10.20.8 sentence 2

Tokens: 29
Input: 807
Output: 1,900
Total: 2,707

οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Σπερχειῷ ---πυνθάνονται γὰρ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἕλος διέβη μοῖρα τῶν βαρβάρων---αὐτίκα ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἀναχωροῦσι,

The dash sequence is preserved as three punctuation tokens; the relative clause οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Σπερχειῷ modifies Ἕλληνες, while the parenthetical ὅτι-clause is coordinated by γάρ and has μοῖρα as subject of διέβη. The final ἀναχωροῦσι is the main predicate.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T- NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	3 Ἕλληνες	det	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C	_	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	Ἕλληνες	Ἕλλην	NOUN	NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	nsubj	high
4	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T- NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	5 ἐπὶ	det	high	Article substantivizing the participial/locative phrase.
5	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R	_	7 Σπερχειῷ	case	high
6	τῷ	ὁ	DET	T- DSM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	7 Σπερχειῷ	det	high
7	Σπερχειῷ	Σπερχειός	PROPN	N- DSM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	3 Ἕλληνες	obl	medium	Locative phrase, ‘those Greeks at the Spercheios’; οἱ is understood as a substantivizing article.
8	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
9	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
10	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
11	πυνθάνονται	πυνθάνομαι	VERB	V3PPI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	parataxis	medium	Parenthetical present; subject is οἱ Ἕλληνες.
12	γὰρ	γάρ	CCONJ	C	_	11 πυνθάνονται	cc	high
13	ὅτι	ὅτι	SCONJ	C	_	17 διέβη	mark	high	Introduces the content clause.
14	κατὰ	κατά	ADP	R	_	16 ἕλος	case	high
15	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T- ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	16 ἕλος	det	high
16	ἕλος	ἕλος	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	17 διέβη	obl	high
17	διέβη	διαβαίνω	VERB	V3SAAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Past\|Voice=Act	11 πυνθάνονται	ccomp	high	Aorist indicative; subject follows.
18	μοῖρα	μοῖρα	NOUN	N-NSF	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 διέβη	nsubj	high
19	τῶν	ὁ	DET	T- GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	20 βαρβάρων	det	high
20	βαρβάρων	βάρβαρος	ADJ	A-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	18 μοῖρα	nmod	high	Substantivized adjective, ‘of the barbarians’.
21	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
22	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
23	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	11 πυνθάνονται	punct	high
24	αὐτίκα	αὐτίκα	ADV	D	_	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	advmod	high
25	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R	_	27 στράτευμα	case	high
26	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T- ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	27 στράτευμα	det	high
27	στράτευμα	στράτευμα	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	obl	high
28	ἀναχωροῦσι	ἀναχωρέω	VERB	V3PPAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	28 ἀναχωροῦσι	punct	high

Sentence 3

10.20.8 sentence 3

Tokens: 13
Input: 695
Output: 1,013
Total: 1,708

Βρέννος δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι ζευγνύναι τὸν Σπερχειὸν ἐπέτασσεν·

Βρέννος is the subject of ἐπέτασσεν; the infinitive ζευγνύναι is its complementary command/content infinitive, with τὸν Σπερχειὸν as object. τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι is the dative addressee, with περὶ + accusative modifying the substantivized participle.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Βρέννος	Βρέννος	PROPN	N-----Mn-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	12 ἐπέτασσεν	nsubj	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	12 ἐπέτασσεν	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	T----DPM-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	8 οἰκοῦσι	det	high	Article substantivizing the participle.
4	περὶ	περί	ADP	R--------	_	7 κόλπον	case	high
5	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	6 Μαλιακὸν	det	high
6	Μαλιακὸν	Μαλιακός	ADJ	A----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 κόλπον	amod	high	Adjectival modifier of κόλπον.
7	κόλπον	κόλπος	NOUN	N----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	8 οἰκοῦσι	obl	high	Object of περὶ within the participial modifier.
8	οἰκοῦσι	οἰκέω	VERB	V-PPAPDPM-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	12 ἐπέτασσεν	iobj	high	Substantivized present participle, dative plural.
9	ζευγνύναι	ζευγνύω	VERB	V-PNA	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	12 ἐπέτασσεν	xcomp	high	Complementary infinitive expressing the imposed action.
10	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	11 Σπερχειὸν	det	high
11	Σπερχειὸν	Σπερχειός	PROPN	N----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	9 ζευγνύναι	obj	high
12	ἐπέτασσεν	ἐπιτάσσω	VERB	V-IAI-3S-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Past\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	medium	Aorist-form command verb; exact tense labeling may be imperfective in some traditions.
13	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	12 ἐπέτασσεν	punct	high

Sentence 4

10.20.8 sentence 4

Tokens: 26
Input: 819
Output: 1,918
Total: 2,737

οἱ δὲ ἤνυον τὸ ἔργον σπουδῇ, τῷ τε ἐκείνου δέει καὶ ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρας σφίσιν ἐπιθυμοῦντες τοὺς βαρβάρους μηδὲ ἐπὶ πλέον κακουργεῖν μένοντας.

The participial clause ἐπιθυμοῦντες governs the infinitives ἀπελθεῖν and κακουργεῖν; τοὺς βαρβάρους is the accusative subject of κακουργεῖν, while μένοντας is a supplementary participle agreeing with it. The phrase τῷ ... δέει καὶ ... ἐπιθυμοῦντες expresses the motives for hastening.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T-n---mn-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	3 ἤνυον	det	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	3 ἤνυον	cc	high
3	ἤνυον	ἀνύω	VERB	V-IAI-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
4	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	5 ἔργον	det	high
5	ἔργον	ἔργον	NOUN	N-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	3 ἤνυον	obj	high
6	σπουδῇ	σπουδή	NOUN	N-s---fd-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	3 ἤνυον	obl	high	Dative of manner.
7	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	3 ἤνυον	punct	high
8	τῷ	ὁ	DET	T-s---nd-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	11 δέει	det	high
9	τε	τε	CCONJ	C--------	_	11 δέει	cc	high	Correlative τε links the two motive phrases.
10	ἐκείνου	ἐκεῖνος	PRON	P-s---mg-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	11 δέει	nmod	high
11	δέει	δέος	NOUN	N-s---nd-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	3 ἤνυον	obl	high	Dative of cause/motive.
12	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	13 ἀπελθεῖν	cc	high
13	ἀπελθεῖν	ἀπέρχομαι	VERB	V-2AAN----	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες	xcomp	high	Infinitive dependent on ἐπιθυμοῦντες.
14	ἐκ	ἐκ	ADP	R--------	_	16 χώρας	case	high
15	τῆς	ὁ	DET	T-s---fg-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	16 χώρας	det	high
16	χώρας	χώρα	NOUN	N-s---fg-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 ἀπελθεῖν	obl	high
17	σφίσιν	ἑαυτοῦ	PRON	P-3---md-	Case=Dat\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs\|Reflex=Yes	18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες	iobj	medium	Reflexive dative referring to the subject οἱ.
18	ἐπιθυμοῦντες	ἐπιθυμέω	VERB	V-PAP---N-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	3 ἤνυον	advcl	high	Conjoined motive participial clause.
19	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	T-p---ma-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	20 βαρβάρους	det	high
20	βαρβάρους	βάρβαρος	NOUN	N-p---ma-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	24 κακουργεῖν	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive κακουργεῖν.
21	μηδὲ	μηδέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	24 κακουργεῖν	cc	high
22	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R--------	_	23 πλέον	case	high
23	πλέον	πλείων	ADJ	A-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	24 κακουργεῖν	obl	high	Accusative of extent with ἐπί; substantivized.
24	κακουργεῖν	κακουργέω	VERB	V-PAN----	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες	xcomp	high	Second infinitive dependent on ἐπιθυμοῦντες.
25	μένοντας	μένω	VERB	V-PAP---MA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	24 κακουργεῖν	advcl	medium	Supplementary participle, with τοὺς βαρβάρους as understood subject.
26	.	.	PUNCT	U--------	_	3 ἤνυον	punct	high

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