Grammar parses for passage 10.20.8
Open translation for this passage
οὗτοι οὖν διαβαίνουσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ διανηχόμενοι ὧδε τὸ λιμνῶδες τοῦ ποταμοῦ· καὶ τὰ ὅπλα, τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους θυρεούς, ἐποιεῖτο ἕκαστος ἀντὶ σχεδίας, οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν μήκιστοι διελθεῖν ἐμβαδὸν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐδυνήθησαν.
The syntax is straightforward overall, but the first clause has a participial phrase with a somewhat compressed object/complement (λιμνῶδες τοῦ ποταμοῦ), and the final clause uses an ability construction with a complementary infinitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | Pd-P---NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | nsubj | high | Demonstrative subject of διαβαίνουσιν. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | _ | _ | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 3 | διαβαίνουσιν | διαβαίνω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | obl | high | Introduces temporal phrase. |
| 5 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-IX---DFS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 νυκτὶ | det | high | Article modifying νυκτί. |
| 6 | νυκτὶ | νύξ | NOUN | N-DSF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐν | obj | medium | Dative with ἐν. |
| 7 | διανηχόμενοι | διανηχόμενος | VERB | V-PMP-NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | advcl | high | Adverbial participle, circumstantial. |
| 8 | ὧδε | ὧδε | ADV | D--------- | _ | 7 διανηχόμενοι | advmod | high | Modifies participle; 'thus/here'. |
| 9 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-NS---NAS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 λιμνῶδες | det | high | Article with λιμνῶδες. |
| 10 | λιμνῶδες | λιμνώδης | ADJ | A-NSN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 διανηχόμενοι | obj | medium | Neuter substantive/part of phrase; likely object/complement of participle. |
| 11 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-GS---MSG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ποταμοῦ | det | high | Article with ποταμοῦ. |
| 12 | ποταμοῦ | ποταμός | NOUN | N-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 λιμνῶδες | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of λιμνῶδες. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-NA---NPN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 ὅπλα | det | high | Article with ὅπλα. |
| 16 | ὅπλα | ὅπλον | NOUN | N-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | obj | high | Direct object of ἐποιεῖτο. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ὅπλα | punct | high | Comma. |
| 18 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-AP---MPS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 20 θυρεούς | det | high | Article with θυρεούς. |
| 19 | ἐπιχωρίους | ἐπιχώριος | ADJ | A-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 θυρεούς | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of θυρεούς. |
| 20 | θυρεούς | θυρεός | NOUN | N-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ὅπλα | appos | high | Appositive to ὅπλα. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 θυρεούς | punct | high | Comma. |
| 22 | ἐποιεῖτο | ποιέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 3 διαβαίνουσιν | conj | high | Second coordinated main verb; middle voice with reflexive sense. |
| 23 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | ADJ | A-NSM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐποιεῖτο. |
| 24 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | R | _ | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | obl | high | Prepositional phrase 'instead of'. |
| 25 | σχεδίας | σχεδία | NOUN | N-GSF--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἀντὶ | obj | high | Genitive complement of ἀντί. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | punct | high | Comma. |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NP---MPS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 30 μήκιστοι | det | medium | Likely article with an elided substantive or adjective. |
| 28 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 30 μήκιστοι | discourse | high | Mild connective particle. |
| 29 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-3P---G- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 30 μήκιστοι | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of μήκιστοι, probably partitive. |
| 30 | μήκιστοι | μήκιστος | ADJ | A-NPM--- | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 ἐδυνήθησαν | nsubj | medium | Subject of ἐδυνήθησαν; article suggests substantive use. |
| 31 | διελθεῖν | διέρχομαι | VERB | V-ANA--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 35 ἐδυνήθησαν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive of ability. |
| 32 | ἐμβαδὸν | ἐμβαδόν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 35 ἐδυνήθησαν | advmod | high | Adverbial 'on foot/on land'. |
| 33 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-AS---NAS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 34 ὕδωρ | det | high | Article with ὕδωρ. |
| 34 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-ASN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 διελθεῖν | obj | medium | Object of διελθεῖν, though semantics are slightly odd. |
| 35 | ἐδυνήθησαν | δύναμαι | VERB | V-AIP-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 22 ἐποιεῖτο | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb meaning 'were able'. |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 35 ἐδυνήθησαν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Σπερχειῷ ---πυνθάνονται γὰρ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἕλος διέβη μοῖρα τῶν βαρβάρων---αὐτίκα ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἀναχωροῦσι,
The parenthetical πυνθάνονται...διέβη clause is treated as an inserted paratactic explanation inside the main clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 Ἕλληνες | det | high | Article modifying Ἕλληνες. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 3 Ἕλληνες | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 3 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | NOUN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ἀναχωροῦσι | nsubj | high | Main clause subject. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 Ἕλληνες | det | high | Article introducing participial modifier. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | d--------- | _ | 7 Σπερχειῷ | case | high | Governs dative. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | l-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Σπερχειῷ | det | high | Article with proper name. |
| 7 | Σπερχειῷ | Σπερχειός | PROPN | n-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 οἱ | nmod | high | Object of ἐπί. |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πυνθάνονται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πυνθάνονται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πυνθάνονται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 11 | πυνθάνονται | πυνθάνομαι | VERB | v--pmi3p- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 3 Ἕλληνες | parataxis | medium | Parenthetical explanatory clause; deponent present. |
| 12 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | g-------- | _ | 11 πυνθάνονται | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 13 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 11 πυνθάνονται | ccomp | high | Introduces indirect statement. |
| 14 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | d--------- | _ | 16 ἕλος | case | high | Governs accusative. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ἕλος | det | high | Article with ἕλος. |
| 16 | ἕλος | ἕλος | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 διέβη | obl | high | Adverbial phrase with κατά. |
| 17 | διέβη | διαβαίνω | VERB | v--aai3s- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 ὅτι | ccomp | high | Verb of indirect statement. |
| 18 | μοῖρα | μοῖρα | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 διέβη | nsubj | high | Subject of διέβη. |
| 19 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 20 βαρβάρων | det | high | Article with βαρβάρων. |
| 20 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | NOUN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 μοῖρα | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of μοῖρα. |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 διέβη | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 διέβη | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 διέβη | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 24 | αὐτίκα | αὐτίκα | ADV | d--------- | _ | 28 ἀναχωροῦσι | advmod | high | Sentence adverb. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | d--------- | _ | 27 στράτευμα | case | high | Governs accusative. |
| 26 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 στράτευμα | det | high | Article with στράτευμα. |
| 27 | στράτευμα | στράτευμα | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ἀναχωροῦσι | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 28 | ἀναχωροῦσι | ἀναχωρέω | VERB | v-ppia3p- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 ἀναχωροῦσι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
Βρέννος δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι ζευγνύναι τὸν Σπερχειὸν ἐπέτασσεν·
Main clause with finite verb ἐπέτασσεν; infinitive ζευγνύναι is complementary/obj-like after the governing verb, and τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι forms a dative phrase with a participial modifier of the dative head.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Βρέννος | Βρέννος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 12 ἐπέτασσεν | nsubj | high | Proper name as subject of ἐπέτασσεν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέτασσεν | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 8 οἰκοῦσι | det | high | Article with participle οἰκοῦσι. |
| 4 | περὶ | περί | ADP | _ | _ | 7 κόλπον | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 5 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 7 κόλπον | det | high | Article with κόλπον. |
| 6 | Μαλιακὸν | Μαλιακός | ADJ | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 7 κόλπον | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying κόλπον. |
| 7 | κόλπον | κόλπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 8 οἰκοῦσι | obl | high | Object of περί. |
| 8 | οἰκοῦσι | οἰκέω | VERB | _ | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Present|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Active | 3 τοῖς | amod | high | Dative participle modifying the people governed by τοῖς. |
| 9 | ζευγνύναι | ζευγνύω | VERB | _ | Tense=Present|VerbForm=Infinitive|Voice=Active | 12 ἐπέτασσεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with ἐπέτασσεν. |
| 10 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 11 Σπερχειὸν | det | high | Article with Σπερχειὸν. |
| 11 | Σπερχειὸν | Σπερχειός | PROPN | _ | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 9 ζευγνύναι | obj | high | Direct object of the infinitive. |
| 12 | ἐπέτασσεν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | _ | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέτασσεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
οἱ δὲ ἤνυον τὸ ἔργον σπουδῇ, τῷ τε ἐκείνου δέει καὶ ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρας σφίσιν ἐπιθυμοῦντες τοὺς βαρβάρους μηδὲ ἐπὶ πλέον κακουργεῖν μένοντας.
The clause is participially compressed: ἐπιθυμοῦντες governs the infinitival ideas, while μένοντας is best taken as a participial modifier of τοὺς βαρβάρους, though the construction is somewhat awkward.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 ἤνυον | nsubj | high | Article functioning as substantivized subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 3 ἤνυον | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | ἤνυον | ἀνύω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 ἔργον | det | high | Article modifying ἔργον. |
| 5 | ἔργον | ἔργον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἤνυον | obj | high | Direct object of ἤνυον. |
| 6 | σπουδῇ | σπουδή | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 ἤνυον | obl | medium | Dative of manner, likely modifying ἤνυον. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἤνυον | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 8 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 δέει | det | high | Article with δέει. |
| 9 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 11 δέει | discourse | medium | Enclitic coordinating particle. |
| 10 | ἐκείνου | ἐκεῖνος | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 11 δέει | nmod | high | Possessive/genitive modifier of δέει. |
| 11 | δέει | δέος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἤνυον | obl | medium | Instrumental/causal dative, connected to ἤνυον. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 13 ἀπελθεῖν | cc | high | Coordinates infinitival clause with prior phrase. |
| 13 | ἀπελθεῖν | ἀπέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive dependent on ἐπιθυμοῦντες. |
| 14 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 16 χώρας | case | high | Preposition governing χώρας. |
| 15 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 χώρας | det | high | Article modifying χώρας. |
| 16 | χώρας | χώρα | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπελθεῖν | obl | high | Goal/source phrase with ἐκ. |
| 17 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP | Case=Dat|Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες | iobj | medium | Dative of advantage/reference with ἐπιθυμοῦντες or associated infinitive. |
| 18 | ἐπιθυμοῦντες | ἐπιθυμέω | VERB | V-PAP-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 ἤνυον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with οἱ. |
| 19 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 20 βαρβάρους | det | high | Article modifying βαρβάρους. |
| 20 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 κακουργεῖν | obj | high | Object of κακουργεῖν. |
| 21 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 κακουργεῖν | cc | high | Negative coordinating conjunction. |
| 22 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | _ | 23 πλέον | case | high | Preposition with πλέον. |
| 23 | πλέον | πλέων | ADV | _ | _ | 24 κακουργεῖν | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative/adverb of degree. |
| 24 | κακουργεῖν | κακουργέω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 18 ἐπιθυμοῦντες | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement coordinated under participial context. |
| 25 | μένοντας | μένω | VERB | V-PAP-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 βαρβάρους | acl | medium | Participial modifier of βαρβάρους; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἤνυον | punct | high | Punctuation. |