Grammar parses for passage 10.20.9
Open translation for this passage
ὁ δὲ ὡς κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας διεβίβασε τὴν στρατιάν, ἐχώρει πρὸς τὴν Ἡράκλειαν· καὶ διήρπασαν μὲν τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας οἱ Γαλάται καὶ ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐγκαταληφθέντας ἐφόνευσαν, τὴν πόλιν δὲ οὐχ εἷλον.
The passage contains a main clause with a temporal ὡς-clause, followed by coordinated Galatian actions; οἱ Γαλάται is the explicit shared subject of the latter predicates, and μὲν...δέ marks the contrast between plunder and failure to capture the city.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | Art-Nom-Masc-Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐχώρει | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 11 ἐχώρει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conj | _ | 7 διεβίβασε | mark | medium | Temporal clause marker, ‘when/as’. |
| 4 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | Prep | _ | 6 γεφύρας | case | high | |
| 5 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Fem-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 γεφύρας | det | high | |
| 6 | γεφύρας | γέφυρα | NOUN | N-Acc-Fem-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 διεβίβασε | obl | high | Object of κατά in a route/circumstantial phrase. |
| 7 | διεβίβασε | διαβιβάζω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 11 ἐχώρει | advcl | high | Temporal subordinate predicate. |
| 8 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 στρατιάν | det | high | |
| 9 | στρατιάν | στρατιά | NOUN | N-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 διεβίβασε | obj | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 διεβίβασε | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἐχώρει | χωρέω | VERB | V-Impf-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate; subject is the substantivized article ὁ. |
| 12 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | Prep | _ | 14 Ἡράκλειαν | case | high | |
| 13 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 Ἡράκλειαν | det | high | |
| 14 | Ἡράκλειαν | Ἡράκλεια | PROPN | N-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἐχώρει | obl | high | Goal complement of πρὸς. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐχώρει | punct | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 17 διήρπασαν | cc | high | Coordinates the next clause. |
| 17 | διήρπασαν | διαρπάζω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Coordinated finite clause; implicit subject is οἱ Γαλάται. |
| 18 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Part | _ | 17 διήρπασαν | discourse | high | Correlative μὲν...δέ. |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Neut-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 χώρας | det | high | |
| 20 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | Prep | _ | 22 χώρας | case | high | |
| 21 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen-Fem-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 χώρας | det | high | |
| 22 | χώρας | χώρα | NOUN | N-Gen-Fem-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 διήρπασαν | obj | high | Substantivized τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας, ‘the things from the countryside’. |
| 23 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Art-Nom-Masc-Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 Γαλάται | det | high | |
| 24 | Γαλάται | Γαλάτης | PROPN | N-Nom-Masc-Pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 διήρπασαν | nsubj | high | |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 32 ἐφόνευσαν | cc | high | Coordinates ἐφόνευσαν with διήρπασαν. |
| 26 | ἀνθρώπους | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-Acc-Masc-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 32 ἐφόνευσαν | obj | high | |
| 27 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Masc-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 ἐγκαταληφθέντας | det | high | |
| 28 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | Prep | _ | 30 ἀγρῶν | case | high | |
| 29 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen-Masc-Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἀγρῶν | det | high | |
| 30 | ἀγρῶν | ἀγρός | NOUN | N-Gen-Masc-Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 ἐγκαταληφθέντας | obl | high | Object of ἐπί in the relative participial phrase. |
| 31 | ἐγκαταληφθέντας | ἐγκαταλείπω | VERB | V-Aor-Pass-Part-Acc-Masc-Pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 26 ἀνθρώπους | acl | high | Participial modifier of ἀνθρώπους. |
| 32 | ἐφόνευσαν | φονεύω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 17 διήρπασαν | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate with shared subject οἱ Γαλάται. |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἐφόνευσαν | punct | high | |
| 34 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 πόλιν | det | high | |
| 35 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-Acc-Fem-Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 38 εἷλον | obj | high | |
| 36 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 38 εἷλον | cc | high | Second member of μὲν...δέ. |
| 37 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | Part-Neg | Polarity=Neg | 38 εἷλον | advmod | high | Negative particle before the verb. |
| 38 | εἷλον | αἱρέω | VERB | V-2Aor-Act-Ind-3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 17 διήρπασαν | conj | medium | Second μὲν...δέ contrast; form is second aorist, traditionally εἷλον. |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 38 εἷλον | punct | high |
ἔτει γὰρ πρότερον τούτων οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ συντελεῖν τοὺς Ἡρακλεώτας ἠνάγκασαν ἐς τὸ Αἰτωλικόν· τότε οὖν ἠμύνοντο ὡς περὶ πόλεως οὐδέν τι Ἡρακλεώταις μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ αὑτοῖς προσηκούσης.
The first clause has a temporal dative ἔτει with πρότερον τούτων and an accusative-and-infinitive construction after ἠνάγκασαν. In the second clause, ὡς περὶ πόλεως governs a comparative construction: οὐδέν τι ... μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ αὑτοῖς προσηκούσης, with πόλεως understood as modifying προσηκούσης.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔτει | ἔτος | NOUN | N-dat-s | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | obl:tmod | high | Temporal dative. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | cc | high | Postpositive explanatory conjunction. |
| 3 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 1 ἔτει | advmod | high | Comparative adverb, ‘earlier’. |
| 4 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D-gp-p | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 πρότερον | obl | medium | Genitive of comparison/reference with πρότερον; gender follows the male referents understood. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-nom-p | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Αἰτωλοὶ | det | high | |
| 6 | Αἰτωλοὶ | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | Ne-nom-p | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | nsubj | high | Ethnic proper noun. |
| 7 | συντελεῖν | συντελέω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | xcomp | high | Infinitive in the accusative-and-infinitive complement of ἠνάγκασαν. |
| 8 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-acc-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 Ἡρακλεώτας | det | high | |
| 9 | Ἡρακλεώτας | Ἡρακλεώτης | PROPN | Ne-acc-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 συντελεῖν | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 10 | ἠνάγκασαν | ἀναγκάζω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 13 Αἰτωλικόν | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-acc-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 Αἰτωλικόν | det | high | |
| 13 | Αἰτωλικόν | Αἰτωλικός | NOUN | A-acc-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 συντελεῖν | obl | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, ‘the Aetolian territory/region’. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | punct | high | |
| 15 | τότε | τότε | ADV | ADV | _ | 17 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 16 | οὖν | οὖν | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἠμύνοντο | cc | high | Inferential conjunction. |
| 17 | ἠμύνοντο | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 10 ἠνάγκασαν | parataxis | high | New coordinated clause after the punctuation. |
| 18 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἠμύνοντο | mark | medium | Introduces the manner/grounds clause ‘as if/concerning’. |
| 19 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | _ | 20 πόλεως | case | high | |
| 20 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | N-gen-s | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 προσηκούσης | obl | high | Genitive governed by περὶ; semantically understood with προσηκούσης. |
| 21 | οὐδέν | οὐδείς | PRON | D-acc-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 μᾶλλον | advmod | high | Accusative adverbial degree modifier, ‘not at all’. |
| 22 | τι | τις | PRON | X-acc-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 οὐδέν | advmod | medium | Indefinite particle/pronoun reinforcing the adverbial οὐδέν. |
| 23 | Ἡρακλεώταις | Ἡρακλεώτης | PROPN | Ne-dat-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 προσηκούσης | obl | high | Dative of reference with προσηκούσης. |
| 24 | μᾶλλον | μάλλον | ADV | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 28 προσηκούσης | advmod | high | Comparative adverb governing the ἢ phrase. |
| 25 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 27 αὑτοῖς | cc | high | Introduces the second member of the comparison. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 27 αὑτοῖς | cc | high | Additive conjunction. |
| 27 | αὑτοῖς | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-dat-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|Reflex=Yes | 28 προσηκούσης | obl | high | Reflexive dative of reference, referring to the Aetolians. |
| 28 | προσηκούσης | προσήκω | VERB | V-PAP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ἠμύνοντο | advcl | medium | Genitive feminine participle agreeing with πόλεως, with the comparison ellipsis shared across the two dative references. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἠμύνοντο | punct | high |
ἦν δὲ καὶ τῷ Βρέννῳ τὰ μὲν Ἡρακλεωτῶν ἐλάσσονος φροντίδος, ἀγώνισμα δὲ ἐποιεῖτο ἐξελάσαι τε ἐκ τῶν στενῶν τοὺς ἀντικαθημένους καὶ παρελθεῖν ἐς τὴν ἐντὸς Θερμοπυλῶν Ἑλλάδα.
The sentence contrasts Heracleot affairs as being of lesser concern with Brennus's undertaking: driving out the defenders and passing into Greece within Thermopylae.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | cop | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | ADV | _ | 4 τῷ | advmod | medium | Adds the dative constituent. |
| 4 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DDSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Βρέννῳ | det | high | |
| 5 | Βρέννῳ | Βρέννος | PROPN | N-DDSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | iobj | high | |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APNN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 Ἡρακλεωτῶν | det | high | |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PRT | _ | 8 Ἡρακλεωτῶν | discourse | high | |
| 8 | Ἡρακλεωτῶν | Ἡρακλεῶται | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 φροντίδος | nmod | high | |
| 9 | ἐλάσσονος | ἐλάσσων | ADJ | A-GSF-C | Case=Gen|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 φροντίδος | amod | high | |
| 10 | φροντίδος | φροντίς | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | nsubj | medium | Genitive predicate of value/concern with omitted copular complement. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 φροντίδος | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἀγώνισμα | ἀγώνισμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | nsubj | high | Second subject/predicate nominal in the coordinated clause. |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | cc | high | |
| 14 | ἐποιεῖτο | ποιέω | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Middle voice: made/undertook as a contest or objective. |
| 15 | ἐξελάσαι | ἐξελαύνω | VERB | V-2AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Act | 12 ἀγώνισμα | acl | high | Infinitive complement of ἀγώνισμα ἐποιεῖτο. |
| 16 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἐξελάσαι | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 στενῶν | case | high | |
| 18 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 στενῶν | det | high | |
| 19 | στενῶν | στενός | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἐξελάσαι | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'the narrow passes'. |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APPM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἀντικαθημένους | det | high | |
| 21 | ἀντικαθημένους | ἀντικάθημαι | VERB | V-PNP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 15 ἐξελάσαι | obj | high | Substantivized present middle participle. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 παρελθεῖν | cc | high | |
| 23 | παρελθεῖν | παρέρχομαι | VERB | V-2AOMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Mid | 12 ἀγώνισμα | conj | high | Second coordinated infinitive. |
| 24 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 28 Ἑλλάδα | case | high | |
| 25 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | |
| 26 | ἐντὸς | ἐντός | ADP | PREP | _ | 27 Θερμοπυλῶν | case | medium | Preposition governing Θερμοπυλῶν; phrase modifies Ἑλλάδα. |
| 27 | Θερμοπυλῶν | Θερμοπύλαι | PROPN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 26 ἐντὸς | obl | high | |
| 28 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 παρελθεῖν | obl | high | |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἐποιεῖτο | punct | high |