Grammar parses for passage 10.21.1
Open translation for this passage
προελθὼν οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἡρακλείας---ἐπυνθάνετο γὰρ παρὰ αὐτομόλων τοὺς συνειλεγμένους ἐς Πύλας ἀπὸ ἑκάστης πόλεως--- ὑπερεφρόνει τε τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ καὶ ἦρχεν ἐς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν μάχης ἅμα ἀνίσχοντι τῷ ἡλίῳ.
The participial phrase προελθών ... ἡλίῳ is subordinate to the coordinated finite predicates ὑπερεφρόνει and ἦρχεν; ἐπυνθάνετο is parenthetical, with τοὺς συνειλεγμένους as its accusative object and ἀπὸ ἑκάστης πόλεως modifying συνειλεγμένους. The phrase ἐς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν μάχης is taken as an elliptical temporal expression (‘for the coming battle’), with μάχης dependent on the substantivized adjective.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | προελθὼν | προέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | advcl | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | PART | Polarity=Pos | 1 προελθὼν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 Ἡρακλείας | case | high | |
| 4 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Ἡρακλείας | det | high | |
| 5 | Ἡρακλείας | Ἡράκλεια | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 προελθὼν | obl | high | |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 7 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἐπυνθάνετο | πυνθάνομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | parataxis | high | Parenthetical finite verb. |
| 10 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | discourse | high | |
| 11 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 αὐτομόλων | case | high | |
| 12 | αὐτομόλων | αὐτόμολος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | obl | high | Source persons: ‘from deserters’. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 συνειλεγμένους | det | high | |
| 14 | συνειλεγμένους | συλλέγω | VERB | V-APP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | obj | high | Substantivized perfect passive participle. |
| 15 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 16 Πύλας | case | high | |
| 16 | Πύλας | Πύλαι | PROPN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 συνειλεγμένους | obl | high | |
| 17 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 πόλεως | case | high | |
| 18 | ἑκάστης | ἕκαστος | DET | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 19 πόλεως | det | high | |
| 19 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 συνειλεγμένους | obl | high | |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπυνθάνετο | punct | high | |
| 23 | ὑπερεφρόνει | ὑπερφρονέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 24 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | cc | high | |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 Ἑλληνικοῦ | det | high | |
| 26 | Ἑλληνικοῦ | Ἑλληνικός | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the Greek force/army’. |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 ἦρχεν | cc | high | |
| 28 | ἦρχεν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | conj | high | With ἐς: ‘was in command for/over’. |
| 29 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 31 ἐπιοῦσαν | case | medium | Temporal/complementary use with ἦρχεν. |
| 30 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 31 ἐπιοῦσαν | det | high | |
| 31 | ἐπιοῦσαν | ἔπειμι | VERB | V-PAP-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 28 ἦρχεν | obl | medium | Substantivized participle/adjective: ‘coming, following’. |
| 32 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 ἐπιοῦσαν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on the substantivized ἐπιοῦσαν; syntax is elliptical. |
| 33 | ἅμα | ἅμα | ADV | ADV | _ | 34 ἀνίσχοντι | advmod | high | |
| 34 | ἀνίσχοντι | ἀνέχω | VERB | V-PAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 28 ἦρχεν | advcl | high | Temporal dative participle. |
| 35 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 36 ἡλίῳ | det | high | |
| 36 | ἡλίῳ | ἥλιος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 34 ἀνίσχοντι | obl | high | |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ὑπερεφρόνει | punct | high |
οὔτε Ἕλληνα ἔχων μάντιν οὔτε ἱεροῖς ἐπιχωρίοις χρώμενος, εἰ δὴ ἔστι γε μαντεία Κελτική.
The sentence consists of coordinated circumstantial present participles (ἔχων ... χρώμενος) linked to an implicit masculine singular subject, followed by an εἰ-clause with existential ἔστι and nominative subject μαντεία.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 3 ἔχων | cc | high | |
| 2 | Ἕλληνα | Ἕλλην | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 μάντιν | amod | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective modifying μάντιν. |
| 3 | ἔχων | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 χρώμενος | advcl | high | First coordinated participial clause. |
| 4 | μάντιν | μάντις | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχων | obj | high | |
| 5 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 χρώμενος | cc | high | Coordinates the second participial clause with the first. |
| 6 | ἱεροῖς | ἱερός | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 χρώμενος | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, with χράομαι. |
| 7 | ἐπιχωρίοις | ἐπιχώριος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἱεροῖς | amod | high | |
| 8 | χρώμενος | χράομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 12 ἔστι | advcl | high | Main participial construction; χράομαι governs the dative. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 χρώμενος | punct | high | |
| 10 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἔστι | mark | high | Introduces the conditional clause. |
| 11 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἔστι | discourse | high | |
| 12 | ἔστι | εἰμί | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Existential/copular main verb of the conditional clause. |
| 13 | γε | γε | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἔστι | discourse | high | Postpositive/emphatic particle. |
| 14 | μαντεία | μαντεία | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἔστι | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | Κελτική | Κελτικός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 μαντεία | amod | high | |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἔστι | punct | high |
ἐνταῦθα οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐν σιγῇ τε ἐπῄεσαν καὶ ἐν κόσμῳ·
The coordinated adverbial phrases ἐν σιγῇ τε ... καὶ ἐν κόσμῳ modify ἐπῄεσαν; ἐνταῦθα is a locative adverb.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D | PronType=Dem | 7 ἐπῄεσαν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | DA | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 Ἕλληνες | det | high | |
| 3 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | NOUN | NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐπῄεσαν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 5 σιγῇ | case | high | |
| 5 | σιγῇ | σιγή | NOUN | NDF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐπῄεσαν | obl | high | |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C- | _ | 5 σιγῇ | cc | medium | First member of the τε ... καί coordination. |
| 7 | ἐπῄεσαν | ἔπειμι | VERB | V3PIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 10 κόσμῳ | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 10 κόσμῳ | case | high | |
| 10 | κόσμῳ | κόσμος | NOUN | NDM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐπῄεσαν | obl | high | |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐπῄεσαν | punct | high |
καὶ ὡς ἀφίκοντο ἐς χεῖρας, οὔτε σφίσιν οἱ πεζοὶ τοσοῦτο ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως ἐξέθεον ὥστε τὴν φάλαγγα ἐπιταράσσειν τὴν οἰκείαν καὶ οἱ ψιλοὶ μένοντες κατὰ χώραν τά τε ἀκόντια ἔπεμπον καὶ ὅσα ἀπὸ τῶν τόξων ἢ σφενδονῶν.
The opening ὡς-clause is temporal (‘when they came to close quarters’). οὔτε…καί coordinates the main description: the foot soldiers did not rush out so far as to disorder their own phalanx, while the light-armed troops remained in position and cast missiles. The antecedent of the ellipsis after ὅσα is understood missiles; the final prepositional phrases specify bows and slings.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἐξέθεον | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 3 ἀφίκοντο | mark | high | Temporal conjunction. |
| 3 | ἀφίκοντο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-2AIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 ἐξέθεον | advcl | high | |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 5 χεῖρας | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 5 | χεῖρας | χείρ | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 ἀφίκοντο | obl | high | Idiomatic ‘into close quarters/hand-to-hand combat’. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | |
| 7 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἐξέθεον | cc | high | Coordinates with καί at token 22. |
| 8 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DPM | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 10 πεζοὶ | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/possession: ‘their foot soldiers’. |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 πεζοὶ | det | high | |
| 10 | πεζοὶ | πεζός | NOUN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐξέθεον | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘infantry’. |
| 11 | τοσοῦτο | τοσοῦτος | ADV | A-NASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐξέθεον | advmod | medium | Accusative extent: ‘so far/much’. |
| 12 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | _ | _ | 14 τάξεως | case | high | |
| 13 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | RA-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 τάξεως | det | high | |
| 14 | τάξεως | τάξις | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐξέθεον | obl | high | ‘Away from the formation/order’. |
| 15 | ἐξέθεον | ἐκθέω | VERB | V-PIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperfective present form in a vivid/embedded narrative context; may be interpreted as imperfect in some editorial traditions, but form is formally present. |
| 16 | ὥστε | ὥστε | SCONJ | _ | _ | 19 ἐπιταράσσειν | mark | high | Introduces result clause. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 φάλαγγα | det | high | |
| 18 | φάλαγγα | φάλαγξ | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ἐπιταράσσειν | obj | high | |
| 19 | ἐπιταράσσειν | ἐπιταράσσω | VERB | V-PNA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἐξέθεον | xcomp | high | Infinitive of result after ὥστε. |
| 20 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 οἰκείαν | det | high | |
| 21 | οἰκείαν | οἰκεῖος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 φάλαγγα | amod | high | Substantivized/elliptical adjective agreeing with φάλαγγα: ‘their own’. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 31 ἔπεμπον | cc | high | Coordinates the second main predicate. |
| 23 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 ψιλοὶ | det | high | |
| 24 | ψιλοὶ | ψιλός | NOUN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 ἔπεμπον | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘light-armed troops’. |
| 25 | μένοντες | μένω | VERB | V-PPA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 24 ψιλοὶ | acl | high | Participial modifier of οἱ ψιλοί. |
| 26 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 27 χώραν | case | high | |
| 27 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 μένοντες | obl | high | Idiomatic ‘in position/on the spot’. |
| 28 | τά | ὁ | DET | RA-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 30 ἀκόντια | det | high | Article substantivizing ἀκόντια. |
| 29 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 30 ἀκόντια | cc | high | First member of τε…καί. |
| 30 | ἀκόντια | ἀκόντιον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 31 ἔπεμπον | obj | high | |
| 31 | ἔπεμπον | πέμπω | VERB | V-IIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 15 ἐξέθεον | conj | high | Coordinated main verb; ‘were sending/casting’. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 33 ὅσα | cc | high | Coordinates ὅσα with τά ἀκόντια. |
| 33 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | P-RNPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 31 ἔπεμπον | obj | medium | Relative/quantificational pronoun with ellipsis of ‘missiles’; governs the following source phrases. |
| 34 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | _ | _ | 36 τόξων | case | high | |
| 35 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 36 τόξων | det | high | |
| 36 | τόξων | τόξον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 33 ὅσα | nmod | high | Source: ‘from bows’. |
| 37 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 38 σφενδονῶν | cc | high | |
| 38 | σφενδονῶν | σφενδών | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 36 τόξων | conj | high | Coordinated with τῶν τόξων; ‘slings’. |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐξέθεον | punct | high |