Grammar parses for passage 10.21.2
Open translation for this passage
τὰ δὲ ἱππικὰ ἀμφοτέροις ἀχρεῖα ἐγένετο ἅτε οὐ στενοῦ μόνον χωρίου τοῦ μετὰ τὰς Πύλας ὄντος ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτοφυοῦς πέτρας λείου καὶ διὰ τῶν ῥευμάτων τὸ συνεχὲς τὰ πλείονα καὶ ὀλισθηροῦ.
The sentence has a clear main clause with a genitive-absolute explanatory participle (ἅτε ... ὄντος); tokens 27–32 are textually/syntactically elliptical and their exact attachment is uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἱππικὰ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἱππικὰ | ἱππικός | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter plural. |
| 4 | ἀμφοτέροις | ἀμφότερος | PRON | P-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | |
| 5 | ἀχρεῖα | ἀχρεῖος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἐγένετο | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective. |
| 6 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G---- | _ | 16 ὄντος | mark | medium | Introduces causal explanatory participial construction. |
| 8 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D--------- | Polarity=Neg | 9 στενοῦ | advmod | high | |
| 9 | στενοῦ | στενός | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 χωρίου | amod | high | |
| 10 | μόνον | μόνον | ADV | D--------- | _ | 9 στενοῦ | advmod | high | Adverbial 'only'. |
| 11 | χωρίου | χωρίον | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ὄντος | obl | high | Genitive with ὄντος. |
| 12 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ὄντος | det | high | Article with substantivized/attributive participle. |
| 13 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 Πύλας | case | high | |
| 14 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 Πύλας | det | high | |
| 15 | Πύλας | Πύλαι | PROPN | Ne-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 ὄντος | obl | high | Place-name. |
| 16 | ὄντος | εἰμί | AUX | V-PGP-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ptc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ἐγένετο | advcl | high | Genitive absolute/explanatory participial clause. |
| 17 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 16 ὄντος | cc | high | Coordinates the second causal obstacle. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 19 ὑπὸ | cc | high | |
| 19 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 πέτρας | case | high | With genitive, agent/source relation. |
| 20 | αὐτοφυοῦς | αὐτοφυής | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 πέτρας | amod | high | |
| 21 | πέτρας | πέτρα | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ὄντος | obl | medium | Second coordinated obstacle phrase; ὑπό may express obstruction/source. |
| 22 | λείου | λεῖος | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 πέτρας | amod | high | |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 24 διὰ | cc | high | |
| 24 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 ῥευμάτων | case | high | With genitive, through/because of. |
| 25 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ῥευμάτων | det | high | |
| 26 | ῥευμάτων | ῥεῦμα | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ὄντος | obl | medium | Coordinated prepositional obstacle phrase. |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 συνεχὲς | det | high | |
| 28 | συνεχὲς | συνεχής | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 30 πλείονα | nsubj | medium | Substantivized adjective, likely subject of an omitted/copular predicate. |
| 29 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 πλείονα | det | high | |
| 30 | πλείονα | πλείων | ADJ | A-APN-C | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 συνεχὲς | obj | low | Elliptical/final fragment; exact attachment and case function are uncertain. |
| 31 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 32 ὀλισθηροῦ | cc | medium | Coordinates the final adjective in an elliptical phrase. |
| 32 | ὀλισθηροῦ | ὀλισθηρός | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 30 πλείονα | conj | low | Morphosyntax appears elliptical or textually difficult; genitive form does not align straightforwardly with preceding plural accusative. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | punct | high |
τοῖς δὲ Γαλάταις τὰ μὲν τῆς σκευῆς ἀσθενέστερα ἦν---θυρεοὺς γὰρ τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους εἶχον, καὶ ἄλλο σφίσιν οὐκ ἦν ὅπλον σκέπη σώματος---, πλέον δὲ ἔτι ἐμπειρίᾳ τῇ ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ἀπέδεον.
The sentence has a fronted dative possessor/experiencer (τοῖς Γαλάταις) and a neuter plural subject τὰ ... ἀσθενέστερα with singular ἦν by attraction/collective predication. In the explanatory parenthesis, θυρεούς is the object of εἶχον; ἄλλο ... ὅπλον is an existential subject with σκέπη σώματος as its predicative complement. The final clause means they were still more deficient in experience of warfare; ἀπέδεον is parsed as imperfect active of ἀποδέω, though the exact lexical construction is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-d-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 Γαλάταις | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 9 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | Γαλάταις | Γαλάτης | PROPN | N-dm-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἦν | iobj | high | Dative of possession/affected participant. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-n-p | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἀσθενέστερα | det | high | |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df-------- | _ | 8 ἀσθενέστερα | discourse | high | Correlative μέν with later δέ. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-g-s | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 σκευῆς | det | high | |
| 7 | σκευῆς | σκευή | NOUN | N-gf-s | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀσθενέστερα | nmod | high | Partitive/specifying genitive: items of equipment. |
| 8 | ἀσθενέστερα | ἀσθενής | ADJ | A-npn-c | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἦν | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter plural comparative. |
| 9 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-1iaia-s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Singular copular agreement despite neuter plural subject. |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 13 | θυρεοὺς | θυρεός | NOUN | N-am-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 εἶχον | obj | high | |
| 14 | γὰρ | γάρ | SCONJ | G--------- | _ | 17 εἶχον | mark | high | Explanatory connective. |
| 15 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-am-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπιχωρίους | det | high | |
| 16 | ἐπιχωρίους | ἐπιχώριος | ADJ | A-am-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 θυρεοὺς | amod | high | Substantivally modifying θυρεούς. |
| 17 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-3piie-p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 9 ἦν | parataxis | high | Parenthetical explanatory clause. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 εἶχον | punct | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 23 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 20 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | DET | A-nsn-s | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | nsubj | medium | Indefinite/other used substantivally; existential subject. |
| 21 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-dp-3 | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 23 ἦν | iobj | medium | Dative of possession/reference. |
| 22 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 23 ἦν | advmod | high | |
| 23 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-3siia-s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 17 εἶχον | conj | high | Existential clause coordinated with εἶχον. |
| 24 | ὅπλον | ὅπλον | NOUN | N-nn-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | nsubj | high | Possible appositional/clarifying noun to ἄλλο. |
| 25 | σκέπη | σκέπη | NOUN | N-nf-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement, ‘a protection’; coordination with ὅπλον is compressed. |
| 26 | σώματος | σῶμα | NOUN | N-gn-s | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 σκέπη | nmod | high | Objective/specifying genitive. |
| 27 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 28 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiter. |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ἀπέδεον | punct | high | |
| 31 | πλέον | πολύς | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Cmp | 39 ἀπέδεον | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative. |
| 32 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 39 ἀπέδεον | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μέν. |
| 33 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 31 πλέον | advmod | high | |
| 34 | ἐμπειρίᾳ | ἐμπειρία | NOUN | N-df-s | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 39 ἀπέδεον | obl | high | Dative of respect/deficiency. |
| 35 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-df-s | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 34 ἐμπειρίᾳ | det | high | |
| 36 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 38 πολεμικὰ | case | high | |
| 37 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-an-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 38 πολεμικὰ | det | high | |
| 38 | πολεμικὰ | πολεμικός | ADJ | A-an-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 34 ἐμπειρίᾳ | nmod | high | Substantivized neuter plural: matters of war. |
| 39 | ἀπέδεον | ἀποδέω | VERB | V-3piie-p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | low | Lexical parsing uncertain; likely imperfect active with understood subject ‘they’, meaning deficient/lacking. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 39 ἀπέδεον | punct | high |