Grammar parses for passage 10.21.4
Open translation for this passage
ἐν τούτῳ δὲ οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν τριήρων Ἀθηναῖοι μόγις μὲν καὶ οὐκ ἄνευ κινδύνου, παραπλεύσαντες δὲ ὅμως διὰ τῆς ἰλύος, ἣ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐπέχει τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ τὰς ναῦς ὅτι ἐγγύτατα τῶν βαρβάρων σχόντες, βέλεσί τε παντοίοις ἐς τὰ πλάγια καὶ τοξεύμασιν ἐς αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο.
Main predicate ἐχρῶντο governs the coordinated instrumental complements βέλεσί ... καὶ τοξεύμασιν; οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν τριήρων Ἀθηναῖοι is the subject, with two coordinated circumstantial participles παραπλεύσαντες and σχόντες. ἣ refers to ἰλύος; ἐπέχει is finite relative-clause predicate, with τῆς θαλάσσης a partitive genitive. The syntax of ὅτι ἐγγύτατα is treated as an adverbial degree phrase modifying σχόντες, with ὅτι functioning adverbially ('as close as possible').
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 2 τούτῳ | case | high | |
| 2 | τούτῳ | οὗτος | PRON | PD-DNS | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 49 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Temporal or situational dative. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 49 ἐχρῶντο | cc | high | |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀθηναῖοι | det | high | |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 7 τριήρων | case | high | |
| 6 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 τριήρων | det | high | |
| 7 | τριήρων | τριήρης | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 Ἀθηναῖοι | nmod | high | |
| 8 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 49 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective. |
| 9 | μόγις | μόγις | ADV | D- | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | advmod | high | |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | PART | C- | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | advmod | high | Correlative μέν with δέ at token 17. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | cc | high | |
| 12 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D- | Polarity=Neg | 13 ἄνευ | advmod | high | |
| 13 | ἄνευ | ἄνευ | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 14 κινδύνου | case | high | |
| 14 | κινδύνου | κίνδυνος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | obl | high | Genitive governed by ἄνευ. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | punct | high | |
| 16 | παραπλεύσαντες | παραπλέω | VERB | V-APA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 49 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle agreeing with Ἀθηναῖοι. |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 37 σχόντες | cc | high | Correlative with μέν at token 10. |
| 18 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | D- | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | advmod | high | Concessive/adversative adverb. |
| 19 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 21 ἰλύος | case | high | |
| 20 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 ἰλύος | det | high | |
| 21 | ἰλύος | ἰλύς | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | obl | high | Route/medium phrase with διά. |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | punct | high | |
| 23 | ἣ | ὅς | PRON | P-RNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 26 ἐπέχει | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun referring to ἰλύς. |
| 24 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 25 πλεῖστον | case | high | |
| 25 | πλεῖστον | πολύς | ADJ | A-ANS | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 ἐπέχει | obl | high | Neuter accusative extent with ἐπί. |
| 26 | ἐπέχει | ἐπέχω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | acl:relcl | high | |
| 27 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 28 θαλάσσης | det | high | |
| 28 | θαλάσσης | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἐπέχει | nmod | high | Partitive genitive with πλεῖστον. |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 παραπλεύσαντες | punct | high | |
| 30 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 37 σχόντες | cc | high | Coordinates σχόντες with παραπλεύσαντες. |
| 31 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 32 ναῦς | det | high | |
| 32 | ναῦς | ναῦς | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 37 σχόντες | obj | high | Object of σχόντες. |
| 33 | ὅτι | ὅτι | ADV | D- | _ | 34 ἐγγύτατα | advmod | medium | Adverbial ὅτι, intensifying the superlative phrase; alternatively analyzed as a conjunction in a compressed construction. |
| 34 | ἐγγύτατα | ἐγγύς | ADV | D-SUP | Degree=Sup | 37 σχόντες | advmod | high | Superlative adverb. |
| 35 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 36 βαρβάρων | det | high | |
| 36 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 34 ἐγγύτατα | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective: 'the barbarians'. |
| 37 | σχόντες | ἔχω | VERB | V-2APA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 49 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Aorist participle, coordinated with παραπλεύσαντες; σχόντες τὰς ναῦς means bringing/holding the ships. |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 37 σχόντες | punct | high | |
| 39 | βέλεσί | βέλος | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 49 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 40 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C- | _ | 39 βέλεσί | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 41 | παντοίοις | παντοῖος | ADJ | A-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 39 βέλεσί | amod | high | |
| 42 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 44 πλάγια | case | high | |
| 43 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 44 πλάγια | det | high | |
| 44 | πλάγια | πλάγιος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 39 βέλεσί | obl | high | Substantivized adjective: the sides/flanks. |
| 45 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 46 τοξεύμασιν | cc | high | Coordinates the second instrumental complement. |
| 46 | τοξεύμασιν | τόξευμα | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 49 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Instrumental dative, coordinated with βέλεσί. |
| 47 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 48 αὐτοὺς | case | high | |
| 48 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | P-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 46 τοξεύμασιν | obl | high | Refers to the barbarians. |
| 49 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Deponent verb governing instrumental datives. |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 49 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high |
καμνόντων δὲ λόγου μειζόνως τῶν Κελτῶν καὶ ἅτε ἐν στενοχωρίᾳ μικρὰ μὲν δρώντων, διπλάσια δὲ καὶ τετραπλάσια πασχόντων, ἀναχωρεῖν ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐσήμαινόν σφισιν οἱ ἡγεμόνες.
Genitive absolute καμνόντων ... Κελτῶν and ἅτε-clause describe the Celts' worsening losses; ἐσήμαινον governs the infinitive ἀναχωρεῖν and dative σφισιν. The participial genitives are structurally somewhat compressed, so attachment of λόγου μειζόνως is interpreted adverbially.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καμνόντων | κάμνω | VERB | V-PAP-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 25 ἐσήμαινόν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute with τῶν Κελτῶν; λόγου is understood adverbially/comparatively. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 καμνόντων | cc | high | |
| 3 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 μειζόνως | obl | low | Genitive of respect/measure or idiomatic comparative construction; syntactically compressed. |
| 4 | μειζόνως | μείζων | ADV | ADV-COMP | Degree=Cmp | 1 καμνόντων | advmod | medium | Comparative adverb modifying καμνόντων. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Κελτῶν | det | high | |
| 6 | Κελτῶν | Κέλτης | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 καμνόντων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 ἅτε | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 δρώντων | mark | high | Introduces explanatory participial clause. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 στενοχωρίᾳ | case | high | |
| 10 | στενοχωρίᾳ | στενοχωρία | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 δρώντων | obl | high | |
| 11 | μικρὰ | μικρός | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 δρώντων | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, contrasted with διπλάσια and τετραπλάσια. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 11 μικρὰ | discourse | high | |
| 13 | δρώντων | δράω | VERB | V-PAP-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 καμνόντων | advcl | medium | Genitive plural participle coordinated with πασχόντων; ἅτε marks its explanatory force. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 13 δρώντων | punct | high | |
| 15 | διπλάσια | διπλάσιος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 πασχόντων | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, object of πασχόντων. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 διπλάσια | cc | high | Second member of μέν ... δέ contrast. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 τετραπλάσια | cc | high | |
| 18 | τετραπλάσια | τετραπλάσιος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 πασχόντων | obj | medium | Second coordinated object of πασχόντων. |
| 19 | πασχόντων | πάσχω | VERB | V-PAP-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 δρώντων | conj | high | |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 19 πασχόντων | punct | high | |
| 21 | ἀναχωρεῖν | ἀναχωρέω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 25 ἐσήμαινόν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by ἐσήμαινον. |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 24 στρατόπεδον | case | high | |
| 23 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 στρατόπεδον | det | high | |
| 24 | στρατόπεδον | στρατόπεδον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ἀναχωρεῖν | obl | high | |
| 25 | ἐσήμαινόν | σημαίνω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 26 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 25 ἐσήμαινόν | iobj | high | Dative recipient. |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ἡγεμόνες | det | high | |
| 28 | ἡγεμόνες | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἐσήμαινόν | nsubj | high | |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 25 ἐσήμαινόν | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ ἀτάκτως καὶ σὺν οὐδενὶ ἀναστρέφοντες κόσμῳ πολλοὶ μὲν συνεπατήθησαν ὑπὸ ἀλλήλων, πολλοὶ δὲ ἐς τὸ τέλμα ἐμπεσόντες ἠφανίσθησαν κατὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ, καὶ ἀπώλεια οὐκ ἐλάσσων ἀναχωροῦσιν αὐτοῖς ἢ ἐν τοῦ ἀγῶνος συνέβη τῇ ἀκμῇ.
Two coordinated plural subject groups are understood: οἱ ... ἀναστρέφοντες with συνεπατήθησαν, and πολλοὶ ... ἐμπεσόντες with ἠφανίσθησαν; the final comparison contrasts losses during withdrawal with those at the height of the battle. The syntax of κατὰ τοῦ πηλοῦ and ἐν τοῦ ἀγῶνος is somewhat textually or idiomatically uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-----NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀναστρέφοντες | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀτάκτως | ἄτακτος | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἀναστρέφοντες | advmod | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ἀναστρέφοντες | cc | high | |
| 5 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 οὐδενὶ | case | high | |
| 6 | οὐδενὶ | οὐδείς | PRON | P---DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀναστρέφοντες | obl | high | |
| 7 | ἀναστρέφοντες | ἀναστρέφω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | nsubj | high | Substantival participle, subject of συνεπατήθησαν. |
| 8 | κόσμῳ | κόσμος | NOUN | N----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀναστρέφοντες | obl | medium | Dative of manner or respect; exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 9 | πολλοὶ | πολύς | ADJ | A----NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | discourse | high | Correlative μέν with δέ at token 16. |
| 11 | συνεπατήθησαν | συμπατέω | VERB | V-API-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | medium | First coordinated finite predicate; the second predicate ἠφανίσθησαν is coordinated below. |
| 12 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 ἀλλήλων | case | high | |
| 13 | ἀλλήλων | ἀλλήλων | PRON | P---GPM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | obl:agent | high | |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | punct | high | |
| 15 | πολλοὶ | πολύς | ADJ | A----NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | nsubj | high | |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | cc | high | Correlative δέ completing μέν at token 10. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 τέλμα | case | high | |
| 18 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-----ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 τέλμα | det | high | |
| 19 | τέλμα | τέλμα | NOUN | N-----ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | obl | high | |
| 20 | ἐμπεσόντες | ἐμπίπτω | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | advcl | high | |
| 21 | ἠφανίσθησαν | ἀφανίζω | VERB | V-API-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 11 συνεπατήθησαν | conj | high | |
| 22 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 24 πηλοῦ | case | medium | Likely governs τοῦ πηλοῦ; phrase describes disappearance in or through the mud. |
| 23 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-----GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 πηλοῦ | det | high | |
| 24 | πηλοῦ | πηλός | NOUN | N----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | obl | medium | Governed by κατά in the transmitted wording. |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἠφανίσθησαν | punct | high | |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 27 ἀπώλεια | cc | high | Coordinates the final nominal clause with the preceding predicates. |
| 27 | ἀπώλεια | ἀπώλεια | NOUN | N-----NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 συνέβη | nsubj | high | |
| 28 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 29 ἐλάσσων | advmod | high | |
| 29 | ἐλάσσων | ἐλάσσων | ADJ | A----NSF- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἀπώλεια | amod | high | Predicate-like adjective agreeing with ἀπώλεια. |
| 30 | ἀναχωροῦσιν | ἀναχωρέω | VERB | V-PAP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 36 συνέβη | advcl | medium | Dative plural participle, ‘for/as they withdrew’; finite agreement is elliptical or compressed. |
| 31 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P---DPM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἀναχωροῦσιν | obl | high | Dative pronoun associated with the withdrawing men. |
| 32 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 36 συνέβη | cc | high | Introduces the comparative alternative. |
| 33 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 35 ἀγῶνος | case | low | The transmitted combination ἐν τοῦ is morphosyntactically irregular; attachment is retained provisionally. |
| 34 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-----GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 ἀγῶνος | det | low | Genitive form after ἐν is irregular in the transmitted text. |
| 35 | ἀγῶνος | ἀγών | NOUN | N----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 36 συνέβη | obl | low | Likely intended to denote the battle; case sequence may reflect textual corruption or ellipsis. |
| 36 | συνέβη | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-2AI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Final finite predicate; coordinates semantically with the preceding clauses, while the nominal subject ἀπώλεια is construed comparatively. |
| 37 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-----DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 38 ἀκμῇ | det | high | |
| 38 | ἀκμῇ | ἀκμή | NOUN | N-----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 συνέβη | obl | medium | Dative of time or circumstance, ‘at the height/critical point’. |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 36 συνέβη | punct | high |