Grammar parses for passage 10.21.5
Open translation for this passage
τοὺς μὲν δὴ Ἕλληνας τὸ Ἀττικὸν ὑπερεβάλετο ἀρετῇ τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην·
Syntax is somewhat compressed: τὸ Ἀττικὸν is treated as the subject, with Ἕλληνας as the object and ἀρετῇ / τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην as oblique modifiers.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Ἕλληνας | det | high | Article modifying Ἕλληνας. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | -------- | _ | 4 Ἕλληνας | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | -------- | _ | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | NOUN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | obj | high | Direct object of ὑπερεβάλετο. |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Ἀττικὸν | det | high | Article modifying Ἀττικὸν. |
| 6 | Ἀττικὸν | Ἀττικός | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | nsubj | medium | Likely substantivized 'the Attic thing / Attic land'; functionally subject of the verb. |
| 7 | ὑπερεβάλετο | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | v3saim--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 8 | ἀρετῇ | ἀρετή | NOUN | n-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | obl | high | Dative of respect/means. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ἡμέραν | det | high | Article modifying ἡμέραν. |
| 10 | ἡμέραν | ἡμέρα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | obl | high | Temporal accusative. |
| 11 | ταύτην | οὗτος | DET | pd-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 10 ἡμέραν | det | high | Demonstrative modifying ἡμέραν. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ὑπερεβάλετο | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
αὐτῶν δὲ Ἀθηναίων Κυδίας μάλιστα ἐγένετο ἀγαθός, νέος τε ἡλικίαν καὶ τότε ἐς ἀγῶνα ἐλθὼν πολέμου πρῶτον.
The syntax is centered on ἐγένετο with predicative ἀγαθός; νέος ἡλικίαν and the participial phrase ἐς ἀγῶνα ἐλθών are circumstantial modifiers, and πρῶτον πολέμου is an adverbial phrase of limited/first experience.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 4 Κυδίας | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of the ethnic noun. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | ADJ | A---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Κυδίας | amod | high | Attributive adjective used substantively, agreeing with implied noun. |
| 4 | Κυδίας | Κυδίας | PROPN | Ne-s---mn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγένετο. |
| 5 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἀγαθός | advmod | high | Modifies ἀγαθός to express degree. |
| 6 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3ADI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 7 | ἀγαθός | ἀγαθός | ADJ | A---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐγένετο | xcomp | high | Predicative complement with γίγνομαι. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 9 | νέος | νέος | ADJ | A---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐγένετο | advcl | medium | Likely supplementary predicative/absolute sense; attached to main verb. |
| 10 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 9 νέος | advmod | medium | Enclitic connective particle linked to νέος. |
| 11 | ἡλικίαν | ἡλικία | NOUN | N--FSA--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 νέος | advmod | medium | Accusative of respect with νέος. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἐλθὼν | cc | high | Coordinates the participial adjunct with prior modifier. |
| 13 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐλθὼν | advmod | high | Temporal modifier of ἐλθὼν. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 ἀγῶνα | case | high | Preposition governing ἀγῶνα. |
| 15 | ἀγῶνα | ἀγών | NOUN | N--MSA--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἐλθὼν | obl | high | Prepositional object of ἐλθὼν. |
| 16 | ἐλθὼν | ἔρχομαι | VERB | V-AAPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 ἐγένετο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying the main clause. |
| 17 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N--MSG--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 πρῶτον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of πρῶτον; likely adverbial genitive of respect/domain. |
| 18 | πρῶτον | πρῶτον | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐλθὼν | advmod | medium | Adverbial use, modified by genitive πολέμου. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἀποθανόντος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Γαλατῶν τὴν ἀσπίδα οἱ προσήκοντες ἀνέθεσαν τῷ Ἐλευθερίῳ Διί, καὶ ἦν τὸ ἐπίγραμμα·
The opening genitive absolute is attached to the first clause; the coordination then introduces a simple copular clause with ἐπίγραμμα as subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀποθανόντος | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V-APA-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | obl | high | Introduces agent phrase with genitive. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Γαλατῶν | det | high | Article modifying Γαλατῶν. |
| 5 | Γαλατῶν | Γαλάτης | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὑπὸ | obl | high | Genitive complement of ὑπό. |
| 6 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀσπίδα | det | high | Article modifying ἀσπίδα. |
| 7 | ἀσπίδα | ἀσπίς | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | obj | medium | Likely object/patient of the main verb, though syntax is somewhat compressed. |
| 8 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 προσήκοντες | det | high | Article functioning substantively with participle. |
| 9 | προσήκοντες | προσήκω | VERB | V-PAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | nsubj | high | Substantival participle as subject. |
| 10 | ἀνέθεσαν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the clause. |
| 11 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 Διί | det | high | Article with Διί. |
| 12 | Ἐλευθερίῳ | Ἐλευθέριος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 Διί | amod | high | Epithet modifying Διί. |
| 13 | Διί | Ζεύς | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | iobj | high | Dative recipient of the dedication. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἀνέθεσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἦν | cc | high | Coordinates the next clause. |
| 16 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of the second clause. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίγραμμα | det | high | Article with ἐπίγραμμα. |
| 18 | ἐπίγραμμα | ἐπίγραμμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἦν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
† ημαρλα δὴ ποθέουσα νέαν ἔτι Κυδίου ἥβην ἀσπὶς ἀριζήλου φωτός, ἄγαλμα Διί, ἇς διὰ δὴ πρώτας λαιὸν τότε πῆχυν ἔτεινεν, εὖτʼ ἐπὶ τὸν Γαλάταν ἤκμασε θοῦρος Ἄρης.
The sentence is syntactically difficult and likely contains poetic/appositional structure; the main finite predicate is taken as ἤκμασε, with several participial/appositional modifiers and a relative clause-like continuation. Token 1 is corrupt/editorial dagger and is attached loosely.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | † | † | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ημαρλα | punct | high | Editorial dagger/corrupt sign. |
| 2 | ημαρλα | ἁμαρτάνω | VERB | V-IAA-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Finite verb; form likely intended as ἥμαρλε/ἥμαρτε or similar, but normalized lemma given. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | T | _ | 2 ημαρλα | discourse | high | Discourse particle. |
| 4 | ποθέουσα | ποθέω | VERB | V-PAP-NSF | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 ἀσπὶς | amod | high | Attributive participle modifying ἀσπίς. |
| 5 | νέαν | νέος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἥβην | amod | high | Modifies ἥβην. |
| 6 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D | _ | 4 ποθέουσα | advmod | high | Adverb with participle. |
| 7 | Κυδίου | Κύδιος | PROPN | NpGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἥβην | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἥβην. |
| 8 | ἥβην | ἥβη | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ποθέουσα | obj | high | Object of ποθέουσα. |
| 9 | ἀσπὶς | ἀσπίς | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἔτεινεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔτεινεν. |
| 10 | ἀριζήλου | ἀρίζηλος | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 φωτός | amod | high | Modifies φωτός. |
| 11 | φωτός | φῶς | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἀσπὶς | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of ἀσπίς; phrase is appositional/poetic and somewhat opaque. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀσπὶς | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | ἄγαλμα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἀσπὶς | appos | high | Apposition to ἀσπίς. |
| 14 | Διί | Ζεύς | PROPN | NpDSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἄγαλμα | nmod | high | Dative of dedication/reference. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἄγαλμα | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 16 | ἇς | ὅς | PRON | P-GenSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 9 ἀσπὶς | ref | medium | Relative pronoun referring back to ἀσπίς; exact syntax uncertain. |
| 17 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R | AdpType=Prep | 19 πρώτας | case | high | Preposition governing πρώτας. |
| 18 | δὴ | δή | PART | T | _ | 19 πρώτας | discourse | high | Discourse particle. |
| 19 | πρώτας | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 22 πῆχυν | amod | medium | Likely modifies πῆχυν by agreement in sense, though form is feminine plural and syntax is difficult. |
| 20 | λαιὸν | λαιός | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 πῆχυν | amod | high | Modifies πῆχυν. |
| 21 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D | _ | 23 ἔτεινεν | advmod | high | Adverb with ἔτεινεν. |
| 22 | πῆχυν | πῆχυς | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἔτεινεν | obj | high | Object of ἔτεινεν. |
| 23 | ἔτεινεν | τείνω | VERB | V-IAA-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 9 ἀσπὶς | acl:relcl | high | Finite clause modifying ἀσπίς via relative clause introduced by ἇς. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔτεινεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 25 | εὖτʼ | εὖτε | SCONJ | C | _ | 29 ἤκμασε | mark | high | Temporal subordinator. |
| 26 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R | AdpType=Prep | 28 Γαλάταν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 27 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 28 Γαλάταν | det | high | Article. |
| 28 | Γαλάταν | Γαλάτης | PROPN | NpASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἤκμασε | obl | high | Prepositional object of ἤκμασε. |
| 29 | ἤκμασε | ἀκμάζω | VERB | V-IAA-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 2 ημαρλα | conj | medium | Taken as the main predication linked to the opening finite verb; relation may be paratactic/conjoined. |
| 30 | θοῦρος | θοῦρος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 Ἄρης | amod | high | Modifies Ἄρης. |
| 31 | Ἄρης | Ἄρης | PROPN | NpNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἤκμασε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἤκμασε. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ἤκμασε | punct | high | Punctuation. |