Grammar parses for passage 10.22.3
Open translation for this passage
αὖθις διὰ Θεσσαλίας ὁδεύσαντες ἐμβάλλουσιν ἐς τὴν Αἰτωλίαν·
The participle ὁδεύσαντες is a nominative masculine plural circumstantial participle, sharing the implicit subject of ἐμβάλλουσιν; διὰ Θεσσαλίας expresses the route through Thessaly, and ἐς τὴν Αἰτωλίαν the goal.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | Adverb | Degree=Pos | 5 ἐμβάλλουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | _ | 3 Θεσσαλίας | case | high | Preposition governing the genitive here. |
| 3 | Θεσσαλίας | Θεσσαλία | PROPN | N----GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐμβάλλουσιν | obl | high | Route/location complement of ἐμβάλλουσιν via διά. |
| 4 | ὁδεύσαντες | ὁδεύω | VERB | V padaam- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 5 ἐμβάλλουσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle with the implicit subject of ἐμβάλλουσιν. |
| 5 | ἐμβάλλουσιν | ἐμβάλλω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 Αἰτωλίαν | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 7 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-DAF-S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 Αἰτωλίαν | det | high | |
| 8 | Αἰτωλίαν | Αἰτωλία | PROPN | N----AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐμβάλλουσιν | obl | high | Goal complement of ἐμβάλλουσιν, with ἐς and its article as dependents. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐμβάλλουσιν | punct | high |
καὶ τὰ ἐς Καλλιέας Κόμβουτις οἱ ἐργασάμενοι καὶ Ὀρεστόριος ἦσαν, ἀνοσιώτατά τε ὧν ἀκοῇ ἐπιστάμεθα καὶ οὐδὲν τοῖς ἀνθρώπων τολμήμασιν ὅμοια.
The sentence has a substantivized neuter τὰ ἐς Καλλιέας, predicated as ἀνοσιώτατα and ὅμοια; the participial nominative phrase οἱ ἐργασάμενοι καὶ Ὀρεστόριος is the coordinated subject of ἦσαν, with some name-form and attachment uncertainty.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 10 ἦσαν | cc | high | |
| 2 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐργασάμενοι | det | high | Substantivized article with ἐς phrase. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 4 Καλλιέας | case | high | |
| 4 | Καλλιέας | Καλλιέας | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐργασάμενοι | obl | medium | Place/name in the accusative after ἐς; exact referent uncertain. |
| 5 | Κόμβουτις | Κόμβουτις | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐργασάμενοι | nsubj | medium | Proper name coordinated with Ὀρεστόριος; the transmitted form may be a name-form with uncertain declension. |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐργασάμενοι | det | high | Article substantivizing the participle. |
| 7 | ἐργασάμενοι | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 10 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized aorist middle participle, coordinated subject with Ὀρεστόριος. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 Ὀρεστόριος | cc | high | |
| 9 | Ὀρεστόριος | Ὀρεστόριος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐργασάμενοι | conj | medium | Coordinated with the substantivized participial subject; number mismatch reflects the textual syntax. |
| 10 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦσαν | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἀνοσιώτατά | ἀνόσιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἦσαν | pred | medium | Neuter plural predicative adjective, agreeing with the substantivized neuter τὰ. |
| 13 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἀνοσιώτατά | cc | high | |
| 14 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπιστάμεθα | obj | high | Relative pronoun, partitive/object relation with ἐπιστάμεθα. |
| 15 | ἀκοῇ | ἀκοή | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἐπιστάμεθα | obl | high | Dative of means: known by hearsay. |
| 16 | ἐπιστάμεθα | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 12 ἀνοσιώτατά | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb in the relative clause modifying ὧν. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 22 ὅμοια | cc | high | |
| 18 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Neg | 22 ὅμοια | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative: in no way/not at all. |
| 19 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 21 τολμήμασιν | det | high | |
| 20 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 τολμήμασιν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on τολμήμασιν. |
| 21 | τολμήμασιν | τόλμημα | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 ὅμοια | obl | high | Dative of comparison with ὅμοια. |
| 22 | ὅμοια | ὅμοιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἀνοσιώτατά | conj | high | Second coordinated predicative adjective. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦσαν | punct | high |
γένος μέν γε πᾶν ἐξέκοψαν τὸ ἄρσεν, καὶ ὁμοίως γέροντές τε καὶ τὰ νήπια ἐπὶ τῶν μητέρων τοῖς μαστοῖς ἐφονεύετο·
The first clause has γένος as an accusative object/fronted topic of ἐξέκοψαν, with τὸ ἄρσεν specifying the male line. In the second clause, γέροντες and τὰ νήπια are coordinated nominative subjects of the impersonal/passive ἐφονεύετο; the singular verb is collective or reflects attraction/variation. ἐπὶ τῶν μητέρων τοῖς μαστοῖς indicates killing while at the mothers' breasts, with τοῖς μαστοῖς instrumental/associative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Nom/Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἐξέκοψαν | obj | medium | Neuter form is syncretic nominative/accusative; analyzed as fronted accusative object/topic of ἐξέκοψαν. |
| 2 | μέν | μέν | PART | g-------- | _ | 5 ἐξέκοψαν | discourse | high | Correlative/contrastive particle. |
| 3 | γε | γε | PART | g-------- | _ | 2 μέν | advmod | high | Emphatic particle reinforcing μέν. |
| 4 | πᾶν | πᾶς | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 γένος | amod | high | Agrees with γένος. |
| 5 | ἐξέκοψαν | ἐκκόπτω | VERB | v3paia--- | Aspect=完了|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb of the first clause. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἄρσεν | det | high | Article with substantivized ἄρσεν. |
| 7 | ἄρσεν | ἄρσην | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 γένος | appos | medium | Substantivized adjective, specifying the male element/line of γένος. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐξέκοψαν | punct | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 21 ἐφονεύετο | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause with the first. |
| 10 | ὁμοίως | ὁμοίως | ADV | d-------- | _ | 21 ἐφονεύετο | advmod | high | Adverb meaning likewise/similarly. |
| 11 | γέροντές | γέρων | NOUN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἐφονεύετο | nsubj | high | First coordinated nominative subject. |
| 12 | τε | τε | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 11 γέροντές | cc | high | Postpositive coordinator linking γέροντες with τὰ νήπια. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 15 νήπια | cc | high | Second coordinator in τε ... καί. |
| 14 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 νήπια | det | high | Article with substantivized νήπια. |
| 15 | νήπια | νήπιος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 γέροντές | conj | high | Substantivized adjective, coordinated subject with γέροντες. |
| 16 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 18 μητέρων | case | high | Preposition governing the genitive phrase τῶν μητέρων. |
| 17 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 μητέρων | det | high | Article with μητέρων. |
| 18 | μητέρων | μήτηρ | NOUN | n-p---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 ἐφονεύετο | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἐπί. |
| 19 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | l-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 μαστοῖς | det | medium | Article agrees with masculine μαστοῖς. |
| 20 | μαστοῖς | μαστός | NOUN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἐφονεύετο | obl | medium | Dative of means or circumstance: at/by the breasts. |
| 21 | ἐφονεύετο | φονεύω | VERB | v3siim--- | Aspect=Imperfective|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Mid | 5 ἐξέκοψαν | conj | medium | Second coordinated clause; middle/passive morphology is formally ambiguous, and singular number is unusual with the coordinated plural subjects. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐξέκοψαν | punct | high |
τούτων δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ γάλακτος πιότερα ἀποκτείνοντες ἔπινόν τε οἱ Γαλάται τοῦ αἵματος καὶ ἥπτοντο τῶν σαρκῶν.
The participle ἀποκτείνοντες is circumstantial with οἱ Γαλάται and governs τὰ ... πιότερα as its object; πιότερα is a comparative adjective substantivized with neuter plural article, modified by the ὑπό phrase. The first genitive τούτων is partitive (‘of these’), while τοῦ αἵματος and τῶν σαρκῶν are governed by the verbal complements ἔπινόν and ἥπτοντο respectively.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D——GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc,Fem,Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 8 πιότερα | nmod | high | Partitive genitive modifying substantivized πιότερα. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 17 ἥπτοντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 9 ἀποκτείνοντες | cc | high | Coordinates the participial clause with the finite-clause discourse sequence. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA—NPNA— | Case=Nom,Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 πιότερα | det | high | Article substantivizing the neuter comparative. |
| 5 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P———G— | _ | 7 γάλακτος | case | high | Preposition with genitive expressing cause or agency. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | RA—GNS— | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 γάλακτος | det | high | Article agreeing with γάλακτος. |
| 7 | γάλακτος | γάλα | NOUN | N——GNS— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 πιότερα | obl | high | Genitive complement of ὑπό. |
| 8 | πιότερα | πιότερος | ADJ | A——NPN—C | Case=Nom,Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἀποκτείνοντες | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural comparative, object of ἀποκτείνοντες. |
| 9 | ἀποκτείνοντες | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | V—PAP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ἥπτοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial present active participle agreeing with οἱ Γαλάται. |
| 10 | ἔπινόν | πίνω | VERB | V—IAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 17 ἥπτοντο | conj | high | First coordinated finite verb; elided or attached τε follows. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 10 ἔπινόν | cc | high | Postpositive coordinator pairing with καί before ἥπτοντο. |
| 12 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA—NPM— | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 Γαλάται | det | high | Article used with the ethnonym. |
| 13 | Γαλάται | Γαλάτης | PROPN | N——NPM— | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἥπτοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of both coordinated finite verbs and the participle. |
| 14 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | RA—GNS— | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 αἵματος | det | high | Article agreeing with αἵματος. |
| 15 | αἵματος | αἷμα | NOUN | N——GNS— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἔπινόν | obl | high | Genitive complement of πίνω. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 17 ἥπτοντο | cc | high | Coordinates ἥπτοντο with ἔπινόν. |
| 17 | ἥπτοντο | ἅπτομαι | VERB | V—IMI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite root verb; middle voice governs a genitive complement. |
| 18 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA—GFP— | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 σαρκῶν | det | high | Article agreeing with σαρκῶν. |
| 19 | σαρκῶν | σάρξ | NOUN | N——GFP— | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἥπτοντο | obl | high | Genitive complement governed by ἅπτομαι. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἥπτοντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |