Grammar parses for passage 10.22.8
Open translation for this passage
περὶ δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ τοὺς ἐν Θερμοπύλαις συνέβαινεν ἄλλα τοιαῦτα.
The sentence is syntactically difficult: συνέβαινεν is impersonal, with τοὺς Ἕλληνας as an accusative experiencer/theme and ἄλλα τοιαῦτα as the nominative subject; τοὺς ἐν Θερμοπύλαις is a second accusative phrase, probably appositional or elliptical, identifying the Greeks at Thermopylae. The initial περὶ phrase is treated as an adverbial topic phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 4 Ἕλληνας | case | medium | With τοὺς Ἕλληνας; topical περί phrase. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 12 συνέβαινεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-PA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Ἕλληνας | det | high | |
| 4 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-PA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 συνέβαινεν | obl | medium | Accusative associated with impersonal συνέβαινεν; possibly experiencer/theme. |
| 5 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 8 χρόνῳ | case | high | |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-SD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 χρόνῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | ADJ | A-SD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 8 χρόνῳ | amod | high | Intensive/demonstrative adjective used attributively: ‘the same’. |
| 8 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | N-SD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 συνέβαινεν | obl | high | Temporal dative within ἐν phrase. |
| 9 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-PA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Ἕλληνας | det | medium | Determiner for an elliptical accusative noun phrase, likely referring again to the Greeks. |
| 10 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 11 Θερμοπύλαις | case | high | |
| 11 | Θερμοπύλαις | Θερμοπύλαι | PROPN | N-PD | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 τοὺς | nmod | medium | Place-name in dative after ἐν; dependent on the elliptical τοὺς phrase. |
| 12 | συνέβαινεν | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-3SI-I | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal imperfect; singular despite plural/accusative phrases. |
| 13 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-PA | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 συνέβαινεν | nsubj | medium | Neuter plural nominative subject, substantivized and modified by τοιαῦτα. |
| 14 | τοιαῦτα | τοιοῦτος | ADJ | A-PA | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 13 ἄλλα | amod | high | Neuter plural nominative adjective agreeing with ἄλλα. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | U | _ | 12 συνέβαινεν | punct | high |
ἀτραπός ἐστι διὰ τοῦ ὄρους τῆς Οἴτης, μία μὲν ἡ ὑπὲρ Τραχῖνος ἀπότομός τε τὰ πλείω καὶ ὄρθιος δεινῶς, ἑτέρα δὲ ἡ διὰ τῆς Αἰνιάνων ὁδεῦσαι στρατῷ ῥᾴων,
Copular clause: ἀτραπός is the predicate noun with omitted/implicit subject or existential force; διὰ τοῦ ὄρους specifies the route. μία and ἑτέρα introduce coordinated alternatives, each with substantivized ἡ and relative/infinitival descriptions. The forms Τραχῖνος and Αἰνιάνων are treated as place names; ὁδεῦσαι is an infinitive dependent on διὰ τῆς Αἰνιάνων, with στρατῷ as dative of accompaniment/means. Some attachment of the descriptive predicates is interpretively uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀτραπός | ἀτραπός | NOUN | N-------NFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 2 ἐστι | nsubj | high | Predicate/identificational noun with ἐστι; UD nsubj is conventional here. |
| 2 | ἐστι | εἰμί | VERB | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 3 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 ὄρους | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ὄρους | det | high | |
| 5 | ὄρους | ὄρος | NOUN | N-S---NG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 2 ἐστι | obl | high | Genitive object of διά. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 Οἴτης | det | high | |
| 7 | Οἴτης | Οἴτη | PROPN | N-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ὄρους | nmod | high | Mountain name in the genitive. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἐστι | punct | high | |
| 9 | μία | εἷς | NUM | M----NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἀπότομός | nsubj | medium | Substantivized numeral, ‘one [route]’; syntactic relation to the following description is elliptical. |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 9 μία | discourse | high | |
| 11 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-S---NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ὑπὲρ | det | medium | Article substantivizing the prepositional phrase. |
| 12 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 Τραχῖνος | case | high | Preposition governing the place name. |
| 13 | Τραχῖνος | Τραχίς | PROPN | N-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἡ | obl | medium | Place name; form is analyzed as genitive after ὑπέρ. |
| 14 | ἀπότομός | ἀπότομος | ADJ | A-S---NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 μία | acl | medium | Predicate adjective describing the first route; τὰ πλείω qualifies its extent. |
| 15 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 14 ἀπότομός | cc | high | |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 πλείω | det | high | Article with substantivized/elliptical comparative expression. |
| 17 | πλείω | πολύς | ADJ | A-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ἀπότομός | advmod | medium | Accusative extent phrase, ‘for the most part/to a greater extent’; exact construction is elliptical. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 14 ἀπότομός | cc | high | |
| 19 | ὄρθιος | ὄρθιος | ADJ | A-S---NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἀπότομός | conj | medium | Coordinated adjective, agreeing with the route; coordinated through ἀπότομός. |
| 20 | δεινῶς | δεινῶς | ADV | D-------- | _ | 19 ὄρθιος | advmod | high | |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἀπότομός | punct | high | |
| 22 | ἑτέρα | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-S---NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ῥᾴων | nsubj | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘the other [route]’; paired with μία μέν. |
| 23 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 22 ἑτέρα | cc | high | |
| 24 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-S---NF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 διὰ | det | medium | Article substantivizing the following route phrase. |
| 25 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 τῆς | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 26 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 Αἰνιάνων | det | high | |
| 27 | Αἰνιάνων | Αἰνιάν | PROPN | N-P---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἡ | obl | medium | Ethnonym/place designation in a genitive phrase; number and lexical form are somewhat uncertain. |
| 28 | ὁδεῦσαι | ὁδεύω | VERB | V--ANA--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 30 ῥᾴων | xcomp | medium | Aorist active infinitive, ‘to travel’; dependent on the comparative ῥᾴων. |
| 29 | στρατῷ | στρατός | NOUN | N-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ὁδεῦσαι | obl | medium | Dative of accompaniment or means with ὁδεῦσαι. |
| 30 | ῥᾴων | ῥᾴων | ADJ | A-S---NF-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἑτέρα | acl | medium | Comparative adjective describing the second route; infinitive supplies the comparison’s verbal complement. |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 ἑτέρα | punct | high |
διʼ ἧς καὶ Ὑδάρνης ποτὲ Μῆδος κατὰ νώτου τοῖς περὶ Λεωνίδην ἐπέθετο Ἕλλησι.
Relative ἧς is governed by διʼ and refers to an understood feminine route/path; κατὰ νώτου means an attack from the rear, with νώτου in the genitive. Ὑδάρνης is the subject and Μῆδος a nominative apposition; περὶ Λεωνίδην modifies τοῖς Ἕλλησι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | διʼ | διά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 2 ἧς | case | high | Elided διά before the relative pronoun. |
| 2 | ἧς | ὅς | PRON | P- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 12 ἐπέθετο | obl | medium | Relative pronoun, object of διά; antecedent is an understood feminine route/path. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 Ὑδάρνης | cc | high | Connects Ὑδάρνης with the preceding discourse. |
| 4 | Ὑδάρνης | Ὑδάρνης | PROPN | NeMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐπέθετο | nsubj | high | Personal name, subject of ἐπέθετο. |
| 5 | ποτὲ | ποτε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 ἐπέθετο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 6 | Μῆδος | Μῆδος | NOUN | NbMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Ὑδάρνης | appos | high | Nominative apposition to Ὑδάρνης, identifying him as a Mede. |
| 7 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 8 νώτου | case | high | With genitive νώτου, indicating attack from behind. |
| 8 | νώτου | νῶτον | NOUN | NbNS | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἐπέθετο | obl | high | Genitive complement of κατά; idiomatically 'from the rear'. |
| 9 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | Dd--pn | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 Ἕλλησι | det | high | Article substantivizing the dative noun phrase. |
| 10 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 11 Λεωνίδην | case | high | With accusative Λεωνίδην, meaning 'around/about Leonidas'. |
| 11 | Λεωνίδην | Λεωνίδης | PROPN | NeMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 Ἕλλησι | nmod | high | Object of περί. |
| 12 | ἐπέθετο | ἐπιτίθημι | VERB | V-3AMM-S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle, 'attacked/assailed'. |
| 13 | Ἕλλησι | Ἕλλην | NOUN | NbMP | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐπέθετο | iobj | high | Dative target of the attack; modified by τοῖς περὶ Λεωνίδην. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέθετο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |