Grammar parses for passage 10.23.4
Open translation for this passage
ῥῖγός τε γὰρ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ νιφετὸς ἦν ὁμοῦ τῷ ῥίγει, πέτραι τε ἀπολισθάνουσαι τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ μεγάλαι τε καὶ κρημνοὶ καταρρηγνύμενοι σκοπὸν τοὺς βαρβάρους εἶχον, καὶ αὐτοῖς οὐ κατὰ ἕνα ἢ δύο ἀλλὰ κατὰ τριάκοντα καὶ ἔτι πλείοσιν, ὡς ἕκαστοι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ φρουροῦντες ἢ καὶ ἀναπαυόμενοι τύχοιεν, ἀθρόοις ἡ ἀπώλεια ἐγένετο ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμβολῆς τῶν κρημνῶν.
The sentence contains several loosely coordinated clauses with participial modifiers; the main structural challenge is deciding attachment for σκοπόν τοὺς βαρβάρους and the adverbial dative ἀθρόοις.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ῥῖγός | ῥῖγος | NOUN | N-S---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 ῥῖγός | cc | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 7 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | ἰσχυρὸν | ἰσχυρός | ADJ | A-S---NAS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 ῥῖγός | amod | medium | Likely predicative/adnominal with ῥῖγος. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 6 νιφετὸς | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 6 | νιφετὸς | νιφετός | NOUN | N-S---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | conj | high | Conjoined with ῥῖγος as subject. |
| 7 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-3SIAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main copular verb. |
| 8 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἦν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἦν. |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-S---DMD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ῥίγει | det | high | Article with ῥίγει. |
| 10 | ῥίγει | ῥῖγος | NOUN | N-S---DNN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | obl | high | Dative of comparison/association with ὁμοῦ. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἦν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 12 | πέτραι | πέτρα | NOUN | N-P---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 25 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Subject of εἶχον. |
| 13 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 12 πέτραι | cc | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 14 | ἀπολισθάνουσαι | ἀπολισθάνω | VERB | V-PAP-NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 πέτραι | acl | high | Participial modifier of πέτραι. |
| 15 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-S---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 Παρνασσοῦ | det | high | Article with Παρνασσοῦ. |
| 16 | Παρνασσοῦ | Παρνασσός | PROPN | N-S---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἀπολισθάνουσαι | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἀπολισθάνουσαι. |
| 17 | μεγάλαι | μέγας | ADJ | A-P---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 κρημνοὶ | amod | high | Modifier of κρημνοί. |
| 18 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 17 μεγάλαι | cc | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 20 κρημνοὶ | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 20 | κρημνοὶ | κρημνός | NOUN | N-P---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 εἶχον | conj | high | Conjoined with πέτραι as subject. |
| 21 | καταρρηγνύμενοι | καταρρηγνύω | VERB | V-PMP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 20 κρημνοὶ | acl | high | Participial modifier of κρημνοί. |
| 22 | σκοπὸν | σκοπός | NOUN | N-S---ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 εἶχον | obj | high | Object of εἶχον. |
| 23 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-P---AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 βαρβάρους | det | high | Article with βαρβάρους. |
| 24 | βαρβάρους | βάρβαρος | NOUN | N-P---AMM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 σκοπὸν | appos | medium | Likely apposition/explanation of σκοπόν in sense 'the barbarians as target'. |
| 25 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-3PIAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second main clause root in parataxis to ἦν. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 εἶχον | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 55 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Connective to following clause. |
| 28 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 55 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | Dative with ἐγένετο, 'to them'. |
| 29 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 31 ἕνα | advmod | high | Negation of numeral phrase. |
| 30 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 31 ἕνα | case | high | Governs accusative. |
| 31 | ἕνα | εἷς | NUM | M-S---ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 55 ἐγένετο | obl | high | First part of count phrase. |
| 32 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 31 ἕνα | cc | high | Coordination inside count phrase. |
| 33 | δύο | δύο | NUM | M-P---AN- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur | 31 ἕνα | conj | high | Second numeral. |
| 34 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 36 τριάκοντα | cc | high | Adversative conjunction. |
| 35 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 36 τριάκοντα | case | high | Governs accusative. |
| 36 | τριάκοντα | τριάκοντα | NUM | M-P---AN- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur | 55 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Numeral phrase contrasted with προηγούμενο. |
| 37 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 36 τριάκοντα | cc | high | Connective to ἔτι πλείοσιν. |
| 38 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 39 πλείοσιν | advmod | high | Modifies comparative. |
| 39 | πλείοσιν | πλείων | ADJ | A-P---DNC- | Case=Dat|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 36 τριάκοντα | conj | high | Comparative numeral-like phrase, case as transmitted. |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 55 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 41 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 50 τύχοιεν | mark | high | Introduces purpose/result clause. |
| 42 | ἕκαστοι | ἕκαστος | PRON | A-P---NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 50 τύχοιεν | nsubj | high | Subject of τύχοιεν. |
| 43 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 45 αὐτῷ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 44 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-S---DNN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 45 αὐτῷ | det | high | Article with αὐτῷ. |
| 45 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | ADJ | A-S---DNN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 50 τύχοιεν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective in prepositional phrase. |
| 46 | φρουροῦντες | φρουρέω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 42 ἕκαστοι | advcl | medium | Participle dependent on ἕκαστοι. |
| 47 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 49 ἀναπαυόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinate alternative inside participial phrase. |
| 48 | καὶ | καί | PART | G-------- | _ | 49 ἀναπαυόμενοι | advmod | high | Adverbial particle intensifying ἀναπαυόμενοι. |
| 49 | ἀναπαυόμενοι | ἀναπαύω | VERB | V-PMP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 46 φρουροῦντες | conj | high | Conjoined participle. |
| 50 | τύχοιεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-3PAAO--- | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 55 ἐγένετο | advcl | high | Verb of the ὡς-clause. |
| 51 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 55 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 52 | ἀθρόοις | ἀθρόος | ADJ | A-P---D-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 55 ἐγένετο | advmod | medium | Adverbial dative, 'in crowds/together'; syntax somewhat uncertain. |
| 53 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-S---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 54 ἀπώλεια | det | high | Article with ἀπώλεια. |
| 54 | ἀπώλεια | ἀπώλεια | NOUN | N-S---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 55 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγένετο. |
| 55 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3SAMI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of final clause. |
| 56 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 58 ἐμβολῆς | case | high | Marks agent/cause phrase. |
| 57 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-S---GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 58 ἐμβολῆς | det | high | Article with ἐμβολῆς. |
| 58 | ἐμβολῆς | ἐμβολή | NOUN | N-S---GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 55 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Cause/agent phrase with ὑπό. |
| 59 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-P---GNN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 60 κρημνῶν | det | high | Article with κρημνῶν. |
| 60 | κρημνῶν | κρημνός | NOUN | N-P---GNN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 58 ἐμβολῆς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἐμβολῆς. |
| 61 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 55 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |