Grammar parses for passage 10.23.7
Open translation for this passage
καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο ἔνθα νὺξ κατελάμβανεν ἀναχωροῦντας, ἐν δὲ τῇ νυκτὶ φόβος σφίσιν ἐμπίπτει Πανικός·
The first clause has an implicit subject with οἱ μέν and a temporal ἔνθα-clause; ἀναχωροῦντας is a participle agreeing with the understood army. The second clause is impersonal/experiencer syntax: φόβος is the subject of ἐμπίπτει, σφίσιν the dative experiencer, and Πανικός an appositional predicate/name for the fear.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | cc | high | |
| 2 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | nsubj | high | Substantivized article, with μέν; subject is understood as the soldiers/men. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | discourse | high | Correlative with δέ. |
| 4 | ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | στρατοπεδεύω | VERB | V---3PAMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 κατελάμβανεν | advmod | high | Temporal-locative adverb introducing the clause headed by κατελάμβανεν. |
| 6 | νὺξ | νύξ | NOUN | N---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 κατελάμβανεν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | κατελάμβανεν | καταλαμβάνω | VERB | V-3IIA-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | advcl | high | Imperfect in a temporal clause: night overtook them. |
| 8 | ἀναχωροῦντας | ἀναχωρέω | VERB | V-PPAPAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 7 κατελάμβανεν | xcomp | medium | Accusative participle, understood object/predicate complement with κατελάμβανεν: ‘overtook them while withdrawing’; the overtaken object is implicit. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 κατελάμβανεν | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 νυκτὶ | case | high | |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἐμπίπτει | cc | high | Contrasts with μέν. |
| 12 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 νυκτὶ | det | high | |
| 13 | νυκτὶ | νύξ | NOUN | N---DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἐμπίπτει | obl | high | Temporal adjunct with ἐν. |
| 14 | φόβος | φόβος | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἐμπίπτει | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P---3DP-- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 16 ἐμπίπτει | iobj | high | Dative experiencer/affected group. |
| 16 | ἐμπίπτει | ἐμπίπτω | VERB | V-3SPI-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | conj | high | |
| 17 | Πανικός | πανικός | ADJ | A----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 φόβος | appos | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘panic/fear of Pan’; possibly a proper-name-like epithet. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο | punct | high |
τὰ γὰρ ἀπὸ αἰτίας οὐδεμιᾶς δείματα ἐκ τούτου φασὶ γίνεσθαι.
Accusative subject τὰ ... δείματα with infinitive γίνεσθαι in reported speech governed by φασί; ἀπό and ἐκ introduce genitives, while γάρ is a postpositive causal conjunction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-N--PA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 δείματα | det | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 9 φασὶ | cc | high | Postpositive causal conjunction. |
| 3 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | -------- | _ | 4 αἰτίας | case | high | |
| 4 | αἰτίας | αἰτία | NOUN | N-GF-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 δείματα | nmod | high | Genitive complement of ἀπό. |
| 5 | οὐδεμιᾶς | οὐδείς | DET | A-GF-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 αἰτίας | det | high | Feminine genitive singular modifying αἰτίας. |
| 6 | δείματα | δεῖμα | NOUN | N-N--PA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 γίνεσθαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 7 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | -------- | _ | 8 τούτου | case | high | |
| 8 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | RD-GM-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 γίνεσθαι | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἐκ; source or consequence context. |
| 9 | φασὶ | φημί | VERB | V-PIA-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Matrix verb governing the infinitival clause. |
| 10 | γίνεσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 9 φασὶ | xcomp | high | Present middle infinitive; middle form of γίγνομαι. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 φασὶ | punct | high |
ἐνέπεσε μὲν ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἡ ταραχὴ περὶ βαθεῖαν τὴν ἑσπέραν, καὶ ὀλίγοι τὸ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἐγένοντο οἱ παραχθέντες ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ, ἐδόξαζόν τε οὗτοι κτύπου τε ἐπελαυνομένων ἵππων καὶ ἐφόδου πολεμίων αἰσθάνεσθαι ·
The sentence has an initial disturbance subject, followed by a new clause in which οἱ παραχθέντες is the subject of ἐγένοντο and οὗτοι the subject of ἐδόξαζον; αἰσθάνεσθαι is the infinitival complement of ἐδόξαζον, with coordinated genitives expressing what was perceived. The exact force of παραχθέντες ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ is contextually difficult.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνέπεσε | ἐμπίπτω | VERB | V-3SIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 7 ταραχὴ | root | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 1 ἐνέπεσε | discourse | high | Paired contrastive particle; relation label rendered as discourse. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 στράτευμα | case | high | |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 στράτευμα | det | high | |
| 5 | στράτευμα | στράτευμα | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 ἐνέπεσε | obl | high | |
| 6 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ταραχὴ | det | high | |
| 7 | ταραχὴ | ταραχή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | nsubj | high | Semantic subject of ἐνέπεσε; the finite verb is the sentence root. |
| 8 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 ἑσπέραν | case | high | |
| 9 | βαθεῖαν | βαθύς | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἑσπέραν | amod | high | Adjectival time expression, βαθὺν/βαθεῖαν ... ἑσπέραν. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἑσπέραν | det | high | |
| 11 | ἑσπέραν | ἑσπέρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐνέπεσε | obl | high | Accusative temporal expression governed by περί. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐνέπεσε | punct | high | |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 ἐγένοντο | cc | high | |
| 14 | ὀλίγοι | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐγένοντο | nsubj | high | Predicative adjective with plural subject understood from οἱ παραχθέντες; exact construction is compressed. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ἀρχὰς | det | medium | Substantivizing article in the adverbial phrase τὸ κατʼ ἀρχάς. |
| 16 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | PREP | _ | 17 ἀρχὰς | case | high | |
| 17 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἐγένοντο | obl | high | Part of the adverbial phrase τὸ κατʼ ἀρχάς. |
| 18 | ἐγένοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3PAMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 1 ἐνέπεσε | conj | high | |
| 19 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 παραχθέντες | det | high | Article substantivizing the participle. |
| 20 | παραχθέντες | παράγω | VERB | V-NPMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 18 ἐγένοντο | nsubj | medium | Aorist passive participle, substantivized by οἱ; sense of ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ is contextually uncertain. |
| 21 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 23 νοῦ | case | high | |
| 22 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 νοῦ | det | high | |
| 23 | νοῦ | νοῦς | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 παραχθέντες | obl | medium | Prepositional complement modifying παραχθέντες. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐγένοντο | punct | high | |
| 25 | ἐδόξαζόν | δοξάζω | VERB | V-3PIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 18 ἐγένοντο | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; subject is οὗτοι. |
| 26 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 ἐδόξαζόν | cc | high | |
| 27 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | D-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 25 ἐδόξαζόν | nsubj | high | Demonstrative pronoun referring back to οἱ παραχθέντες. |
| 28 | κτύπου | κτύπος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 αἰσθάνεσθαι | obj | medium | Genitive complement of αἰσθάνεσθαι, coordinated with ἐφόδου. |
| 29 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 κτύπου | cc | high | |
| 30 | ἐπελαυνομένων | ἐπελαύνω | VERB | V-GPPMG | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 31 ἵππων | acl | medium | Genitive participle agreeing with ἵππων; likely middle/passive form. |
| 31 | ἵππων | ἵππος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 κτύπου | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on κτύπος: sound of advancing horses. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 33 ἐφόδου | cc | high | |
| 33 | ἐφόδου | ἔφοδος | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 αἰσθάνεσθαι | obj | high | Coordinated genitive complement of αἰσθάνεσθαι. |
| 34 | πολεμίων | πολέμιος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 ἐφόδου | amod | high | Substantival adjective: of enemies. |
| 35 | αἰσθάνεσθαι | αἰσθάνομαι | VERB | V-PNM | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 25 ἐδόξαζόν | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἐδόξαζον. |
| 36 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἐδόξαζόν | punct | high |