Grammar parses for passage 2.1.5
Open translation for this passage
καθήκει δὲ ὁ τῶν Κορινθίων ἰσθμὸς τῇ μὲν ἐς τὴν ἐπὶ Κεγχρέαις, τῇ δὲ ἐς τὴν ἐπὶ Λεχαίῳ θάλασσαν· τοῦτο γὰρ ἤπειρον ποιεῖ τὴν ἐντὸς χώραν.
The clause with τοῦτο γὰρ ... ποιεῖ is explanatory/paratactic; the directional complements with ἐς and ἐπί are analyzed as coordinated oblique phrases modifying the object θάλασσαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καθήκει | καθήκω | VERB | V-3SPI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 1 καθήκει | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἰσθμὸς | det | high | Article modifying ἰσθμός. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---gn- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Κορινθίων | det | high | Article in genitive phrase. |
| 5 | Κορινθίων | Κορινθιός | ADJ | a-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἰσθμὸς | amod | high | Attributive adjective used substantively for Corinthians. |
| 6 | ἰσθμὸς | ἰσθμός | NOUN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 καθήκει | nsubj | high | Subject of καθήκει. |
| 7 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 θάλασσαν | det | high | Article with θάλασσαν. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | g--------- | _ | 7 τῇ | discourse | medium | Correlative particle. |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r--------- | _ | 20 θάλασσαν | case | high | Preposition governing the object phrase. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 θάλασσαν | det | high | Article with θάλασσαν. |
| 11 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 12 Κεγχρέαις | case | high | Preposition governing Κεγχρέαις. |
| 12 | Κεγχρέαις | Κεγχρέαι | PROPN | n-p---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 θάλασσαν | obl | medium | Dative governed by ἐπί; likely place name. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 καθήκει | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 14 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 θάλασσαν | det | high | Article with θάλασσαν. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 14 τῇ | discourse | high | Correlative connective. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r--------- | _ | 20 θάλασσαν | case | high | Second preposition in the coordinated phrase. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 θάλασσαν | det | high | Article with θάλασσαν. |
| 18 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 19 Λεχαίῳ | case | high | Preposition governing Λεχαίῳ. |
| 19 | Λεχαίῳ | Λέχαιον | PROPN | n-s---nd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 θάλασσαν | obl | medium | Dative place name with ἐπί. |
| 20 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 καθήκει | obj | high | Object of καθήκει in coordinated directional phrases. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 καθήκει | punct | high | Middle dot punctuation. |
| 22 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | p-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 25 ποιεῖ | nsubj | high | Subject of ποιεῖ. |
| 23 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | g--------- | _ | 25 ποιεῖ | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 24 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ποιεῖ | obj | high | Predicate-like object complement with ποιεῖ. |
| 25 | ποιεῖ | ποιέω | VERB | V-3SPI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 1 καθήκει | parataxis | high | Explanatory clause linked to the first sentence. |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 28 χώραν | det | high | Article with χώραν. |
| 27 | ἐντὸς | ἐντός | ADP | d-------- | _ | 28 χώραν | case | medium | Adverb/preposition-like modifier of χώραν; treated as adposition here. |
| 28 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ποιεῖ | obj | high | Object of ποιεῖ; with ἐντός forms 'the interior region'. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ποιεῖ | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
καὶ ὅθεν μὲν διορύσσειν ἤρξαντο δῆλόν ἐστιν, ἐς δὲ τὸ πετρῶδες οὐ προεχώρησαν ἀρχήν· μένει δὲ ὡς πεφύκει καὶ νῦν ἤπειρος ὤν.
The syntax is paratactic, with two explanatory subordinate clauses before the main verb μένει and a final participial clause ἤπειρος ὤν describing the subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 5 ἤρξαντο | cc | high | Coordinates the first and second main clauses. |
| 2 | ὅθεν | ὅθεν | ADV | _ | PronType=Rel | 5 ἤρξαντο | obl | high | Relative adverb introducing the source/place of the action. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 2 ὅθεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle with δέ. |
| 4 | διορύσσειν | διορύσσω | VERB | _ | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 5 ἤρξαντο | xcomp | high | Complement of ἤρξαντο. |
| 5 | ἤρξαντο | ἄρχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 7 ἐστιν | csubj | medium | Clause subject of δῆλόν ἐστιν; governs infinitive διορύσσειν. |
| 6 | δῆλόν | δῆλος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστιν | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with ἐστιν. |
| 7 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | advcl | medium | Forms an evaluative parenthetical clause; attached to main predicate μένει. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐστιν | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | case | high | Preposition governing τὸ πετρῶδες. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | discourse | high | Correlative particle introducing the second coordinate clause. |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 πετρῶδες | det | high | Article modifying πετρῶδες. |
| 12 | πετρῶδες | πετρῶδης | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 προεχώρησαν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective in the prepositional phrase. |
| 13 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | advmod | high | Negates προεχώρησαν. |
| 14 | προεχώρησαν | προχωρέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | advcl | high | Coordinate subordinate/temporal-adverbial clause under μένει. |
| 15 | ἀρχήν | ἀρχή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 προεχώρησαν | obl | medium | Adverbial accusative meaning 'at first'. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | punct | high | Middle dot punctuation. |
| 17 | μένει | μένω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the final clause. |
| 18 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 17 μένει | discourse | high | Connective particle. |
| 19 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 20 πεφύκει | mark | high | Subordinating conjunction introducing manner/comparative clause. |
| 20 | πεφύκει | φύω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | advcl | high | Subordinate clause dependent on μένει. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 22 νῦν | cc | high | Coordinates with νῦν as a fixed-like adverbial phrase. |
| 22 | νῦν | νῦν | ADV | _ | _ | 17 μένει | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying μένει. |
| 23 | ἤπειρος | ἤπειρος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ὤν | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement with participle ὤν; alternatively appositional predicate. |
| 24 | ὤν | εἰμί | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with implied subject of μένει. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 μένει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
Κνιδίους δὲ ἡ Πυθία τὸν ἰσθμὸν ὀρύσσοντας ἔπαυσεν.
Accusative participle phrase (Κνιδίους ... ὀρύσσοντας τὸν ἰσθμόν) is the object of ἔπαυσεν; Πυθία is the subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κνιδίους | Κνίδιος | ADJ | A-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔπαυσεν | obj | high | Adjectival substantive, accusative masculine plural. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 ἔπαυσεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-SFN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 Πυθία | det | high | Definite article. |
| 4 | Πυθία | Πυθία | PROPN | N--FSN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔπαυσεν | nsubj | high | Subject of the verb. |
| 5 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-SAM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἰσθμὸν | det | high | Article modifying ἰσθμόν. |
| 6 | ἰσθμὸν | ἰσθμός | NOUN | N-SAM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ὀρύσσοντας | obj | high | Object of the participle. |
| 7 | ὀρύσσοντας | ὀρύσσω | VERB | V-PAP-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἔπαυσεν | xcomp | high | Accusative participle agreeing with Κνιδίους; dependent on ἔπαυσεν. |
| 8 | ἔπαυσεν | παύω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔπαυσεν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
οὕτω χαλεπὸν ἀνθρώπῳ τὰ θεῖα βιάσασθαι.
The construction is an impersonal evaluative adjective ('χαλεπόν') with a dative of reference and an infinitival clause; the adjective/object relation is somewhat ambiguous, but the infinitive is best treated as the clausal core.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | _ | _ | 2 χαλεπὸν | advmod | high | Modifies the predicative adjective 'χαλεπόν'. |
| 2 | χαλεπὸν | χαλεπός | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 βιάσασθαι | xcomp | medium | Likely predicative adjective with infinitival complement; exact predicative relation somewhat uncertain. |
| 3 | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 χαλεπὸν | obl | high | Dative of reference/experiencer with 'χαλεπόν'. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 θεῖα | det | high | Article with substantive adjective. |
| 5 | θεῖα | θεῖος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 βιάσασθαι | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective functioning as subject of the infinitive. |
| 6 | βιάσασθαι | βιάζω | VERB | _ | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main infinitive predicate. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 βιάσασθαι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |