Grammar parses for passage 2.1.5
Open translation for this passage
καθήκει δὲ ὁ τῶν Κορινθίων ἰσθμὸς τῇ μὲν ἐς τὴν ἐπὶ Κεγχρέαις, τῇ δὲ ἐς τὴν ἐπὶ Λεχαίῳ θάλασσαν· τοῦτο γὰρ ἤπειρον ποιεῖ τὴν ἐντὸς χώραν.
καθήκει is intransitive ('extends/reaches') with subject ὁ ἰσθμός; the paired τῇ...τῇ... phrases are dative directions, with ἐπὶ + dative elliptical for the seas at Cenchreae and Lechaeum. In the second clause τοῦτο refers to the isthmus and ποιεῖ takes τὴν ἐντὸς χώραν as object and ἤπειρον as predicative accusative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καθήκει | καθήκω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Intransitive verb, 'extends/reaches'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 1 καθήκει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἰσθμὸς | det | high | |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Κορινθίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἰσθμὸς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἰσθμός. |
| 6 | ἰσθμὸς | ἰσθμός | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 καθήκει | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | RA-FDS | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 ἐς | det | high | Article with substantivized/elliptical directional phrase. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X- | _ | 7 τῇ | discourse | high | First member of μέν...δέ pairing. |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P- | _ | 1 καθήκει | obl | high | Directional complement; governs accusative. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 ἐπὶ | det | high | Article in elliptical phrase, likely θάλασσαν understood. |
| 11 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P- | _ | 9 ἐς | case | high | With dative place-name; phrase modifies the elliptical sea noun. |
| 12 | Κεγχρέαις | Κεγχρέαι | PROPN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ἐπὶ | obl | high | Dative governed by ἐπί. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐς | punct | high | |
| 14 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | RA-FDS | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ἐς | det | high | Correlative second directional phrase. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 14 τῇ | cc | high | Second member of μέν...δέ pairing. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P- | _ | 1 καθήκει | obl | high | Second coordinated directional complement. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 ἐπὶ | det | high | Article in elliptical phrase, likely θάλασσαν understood. |
| 18 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P- | _ | 16 ἐς | case | high | With dative place-name. |
| 19 | Λεχαίῳ | Λέχαιον | PROPN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπὶ | obl | high | Dative governed by ἐπί. |
| 20 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἐς | obj | medium | Likely coordinated with the first elliptical τὴν θάλασσαν; surface placement after Λεχαίῳ. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 καθήκει | punct | high | |
| 22 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | RD-ANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 25 ποιεῖ | obj | high | Cataphoric/anaphoric object, referring to the isthmus. |
| 23 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 25 ποιεῖ | cc | high | Explanatory connective. |
| 24 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | ADJ | A-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ποιεῖ | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative complement of ποιεῖ. |
| 25 | ποιεῖ | ποιέω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 καθήκει | parataxis | high | Finite verb in explanatory second clause. |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 28 χώραν | det | high | |
| 27 | ἐντὸς | ἐντός | ADV | D- | _ | 28 χώραν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying χώραν, 'within/inward'. |
| 28 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | N-FAS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ποιεῖ | obj | high | Direct object of ποιεῖ. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ποιεῖ | punct | high |
ὃς δὲ ἐπεχείρησε Πελοπόννησον ἐργάσασθαι νῆσον, προαπέλιπε διορύσσων ἰσθμόν·
Relative clause: ὃς is the subject of ἐπεχείρησε; Πελοπόννησον is the accusative subject of the infinitive ἐργάσασθαι, with νῆσον as its predicative complement. προαπέλιπε coordinates with ἐπεχείρησε, and διορύσσων is a circumstantial participle taking ἰσθμόν as object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὃς | ὅς | PRON | P-3MS-NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 3 ἐπεχείρησε | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 3 ἐπεχείρησε | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐπεχείρησε | ἐπιχειρέω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | Πελοπόννησον | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | N-----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐργάσασθαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 5 | ἐργάσασθαι | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | V-ANM---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 3 ἐπεχείρησε | xcomp | high | |
| 6 | νῆσον | νῆσος | NOUN | N-----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐργάσασθαι | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative complement of Πελοπόννησον. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 προαπέλιπε | punct | high | |
| 8 | προαπέλιπε | προαπολείπω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 3 ἐπεχείρησε | conj | medium | Coordinated finite verb; coordination is asyndetic in the tokenization. |
| 9 | διορύσσων | διορύσσω | VERB | V-PAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 προαπέλιπε | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, sharing the subject of προαπέλιπε. |
| 10 | ἰσθμόν | ἰσθμός | NOUN | N-----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 διορύσσων | obj | high | |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐπεχείρησε | punct | high |
καὶ ὅθεν μὲν διορύσσειν ἤρξαντο δῆλόν ἐστιν, ἐς δὲ τὸ πετρῶδες οὐ προεχώρησαν ἀρχήν· μένει δὲ ὡς πεφύκει καὶ νῦν ἤπειρος ὤν.
The sentence has three coordinated clauses. ὅθεν introduces the point from which excavation began; ἀρχήν is an accusative adverbial complement of προεχώρησαν (‘not advanced at all’). In the final clause, ὤν is concessive/predicative with ἤπειρος, while πεφύκει means ‘had remained/grown by nature’ and is coordinated with μένει.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 5 ἤρξαντο | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὅθεν | ὅθεν | ADV | D-------- | PronType=Rel | 4 διορύσσειν | advmod | medium | Relative adverb, ‘from where’; may scope over the infinitival phrase. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | T--------- | _ | 5 ἤρξαντο | discourse | high | |
| 4 | διορύσσειν | διορύσσω | VERB | V--PAN---- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 5 ἤρξαντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with ἤρξαντο. |
| 5 | ἤρξαντο | ἄρχω | VERB | V--AMI3P-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 7 ἐστιν | csubj | medium | Idiomatic ‘they began’; the infinitival clause is subject of δῆλον ἐστιν. |
| 6 | δῆλόν | δῆλος | ADJ | A--NSN---- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστιν | root | high | Predicative neuter adjective in impersonal expression δῆλον ἐστιν. |
| 7 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V--PIA3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 δῆλόν | cop | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 δῆλόν | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 πετρῶδες | case | high | |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | cc | high | |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L--NSN---- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 πετρῶδες | det | high | |
| 12 | πετρῶδες | πετρώδης | ADJ | A--NSA---- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 προεχώρησαν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the rocky [ground]’. |
| 13 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | T--------- | Polarity=Neg | 14 προεχώρησαν | advmod | high | |
| 14 | προεχώρησαν | προχωρέω | VERB | V--AAI3P-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | conj | high | Coordinated with the following μένει; subject is implicit ‘they’. |
| 15 | ἀρχήν | ἀρχή | NOUN | N--ASF---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 προεχώρησαν | advmod | high | Accusative of extent/degree, ‘at all’. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 προεχώρησαν | punct | high | |
| 17 | μένει | μένω | VERB | V-PIA3S--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the final clause. |
| 18 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 17 μένει | cc | high | |
| 19 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 πεφύκει | mark | medium | Introduces a manner/causal subordinate clause: ‘as/by nature it had become’. |
| 20 | πεφύκει | φύω | VERB | V-LAI3S--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 17 μένει | advcl | medium | Pluperfect of φύω, likely ‘had become/was by nature’; exact aspectual value is context-sensitive. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 23 ἤπειρος | cc | high | |
| 22 | νῦν | νῦν | ADV | D-------- | PronType=Dem | 23 ἤπειρος | advmod | high | |
| 23 | ἤπειρος | ἤπειρος | NOUN | N--NSF---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 πεφύκει | nsubj | high | Subject of πεφύκει; predicate/state complement with ὤν. |
| 24 | ὤν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PNPNS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἤπειρος | acl | medium | Concessive or circumstantial participle, but masculine form is grammatically discordant with feminine ἤπειρος; likely textual/formal irregularity or an implied masculine subject. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 μένει | punct | high |
Κνιδίους δὲ ἡ Πυθία τὸν ἰσθμὸν ὀρύσσοντας ἔπαυσεν.
Κνιδίους is the accusative object of ἔπαυσεν; ὀρύσσοντας is a predicative accusative participle with Κνιδίους, while τὸν ἰσθμόν is its object. The construction means that the Pythia stopped the Cnidians from digging the isthmus.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κνιδίους | Κνίδιος | PROPN | A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔπαυσεν | obj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 8 ἔπαυσεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | RA | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 Πυθία | det | high | |
| 4 | Πυθία | Πυθία | PROPN | N-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔπαυσεν | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἰσθμὸν | det | high | |
| 6 | ἰσθμὸν | ἰσθμός | NOUN | N-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ὀρύσσοντας | obj | high | |
| 7 | ὀρύσσοντας | ὀρύσσω | VERB | V-PAP-AMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἔπαυσεν | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative participle agreeing with Κνιδίους. |
| 8 | ἔπαυσεν | παύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔπαυσεν | punct | high |
οὕτω χαλεπὸν ἀνθρώπῳ τὰ θεῖα βιάσασθαι.
Impersonal χαλεπόν takes the articular substantivized adjective τὰ θεῖα as its accusative subject and the complementary infinitive βιάσασθαι; ἀνθρώπῳ is a dative of reference. οὕτω modifies χαλεπόν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | D-AS | PronType=Dem | 2 χαλεπὸν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | χαλεπὸν | χαλεπός | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal predicate adjective, conventionally nominative neuter singular. |
| 3 | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 χαλεπὸν | iobj | high | Dative of reference/experiencer. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-APN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 θεῖα | det | high | |
| 5 | θεῖα | θεῖος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 βιάσασθαι | obj | high | Substantivized adjective: divine things. |
| 6 | βιάσασθαι | βιάζομαι | VERB | V-ANM | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 2 χαλεπὸν | xcomp | high | Complementary aorist middle infinitive. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 χαλεπὸν | punct | high |