Grammar parses for passage 2.28.1
Open translation for this passage
δράκοντες δὲ---οἱ λοιποὶ καὶ ἕτερον γένος---ἐς τὸ ξανθότερον ῥέποντες χρόας ἱεροὶ μὲν τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ νομίζονται καὶ εἰσὶν ἀνθρώποις ἥμεροι, τρέφει δὲ μόνη σφᾶς ἡ τῶν Ἐπιδαυρίων γῆ.
The sentence has two main predications coordinated by punctuation and δέ; the first uses a participial modifier with an appositive phrase, and the second has a simple subject–verb–object structure.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δράκοντες | δράκων | NOUN | N--MPN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 νομίζονται | nsubj | high | Subject of νομίζονται; participial/adjectival context resolved as noun. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 23 νομίζονται | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 4 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 5 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 1 δράκοντες | det | medium | Likely article introducing apposition with λοιποὶ. |
| 7 | λοιποὶ | λοιπός | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 δράκοντες | appos | medium | Appositive to δράκοντες. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 10 γένος | cc | high | Connects ἕτερον and γένος. |
| 9 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | a-s---an- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 γένος | amod | high | Modifier of γένος. |
| 10 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | n-s---an- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 λοιποὶ | appos | medium | Appositive phrase to λοιποὶ. |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | d-------- | _ | 16 ξανθότερον | case | high | Preposition governing τὸ ξανθότερον. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ξανθότερον | det | high | Article with comparative used substantivally. |
| 16 | ξανθότερον | ξανθός | ADJ | a-s---ncm | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ῥέποντες | obl | high | Object of preposition ἐς. |
| 17 | ῥέποντες | ῥέπω | VERB | v-papamn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 νομίζονται | advcl | high | Participial clause modifying νομίζονται. |
| 18 | χρόας | χρώς | NOUN | n-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ῥέποντες | obj | medium | Likely object/complement of ῥέποντες; idiomatic with comparative phrase. |
| 19 | ἱεροὶ | ἱερός | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 νομίζονται | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with νομίζονται. |
| 20 | μὲν | μέν | PART | g-------- | _ | 23 νομίζονται | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 21 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 Ἀσκληπιοῦ | det | high | Article with proper name. |
| 22 | Ἀσκληπιοῦ | Ἀσκληπιός | PROPN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἱεροὶ | nmod | high | Genitive with ἱεροί: 'sacred to Asclepius'. |
| 23 | νομίζονται | νομίζω | VERB | v3ppie--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate of first clause. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 25 εἰσὶν | cc | high | Connects coordinated verb phrase. |
| 25 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 νομίζονται | conj | high | Coordination with νομίζονται. |
| 26 | ἀνθρώποις | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 ἥμεροι | obl | high | Dative with ἥμεροι / be humane toward people. |
| 27 | ἥμεροι | ἥμερος | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 εἰσὶν | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with εἰσὶν. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 νομίζονται | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 29 | τρέφει | τρέφω | VERB | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause root. |
| 30 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 29 τρέφει | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 31 | μόνη | μόνος | ADJ | a-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 γῆ | amod | high | Modifies γῆ. |
| 32 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | p-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 29 τρέφει | obj | high | Direct object of τρέφει. |
| 33 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 36 γῆ | det | high | Article with γῆ. |
| 34 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---fg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 35 Ἐπιδαυρίων | det | high | Article with ethnic adjective. |
| 35 | Ἐπιδαυρίων | Ἐπιδαύριος | ADJ | a-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 36 γῆ | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of γῆ. |
| 36 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 τρέφει | nsubj | high | Subject of τρέφει. |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 τρέφει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ εὑρίσκω καὶ ἄλλαις χώραις συμβεβηκός· Λιβύη μέν γε μόνη κροκοδείλους τρέφει χερσαίους διπήχεων οὐκ ἐλάσσονας, παρὰ δὲ Ἰνδῶν μόνων ἄλλα τε κομίζεται καὶ ὄρνιθες οἱ ψιττακοί.
The syntax is paratactic and somewhat elliptical; the first clause likely has a substantivized participial phrase, and the final apposition ὄρνιθες οἱ ψιττακοί is interpreted as explanatory.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 εὑρίσκω | obj | medium | Likely article used substantively with implied noun/antecedent. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 4 εὑρίσκω | discourse | high | Postpositive connector. |
| 3 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 4 εὑρίσκω | nsubj | medium | Likely agrees with τὸ as part of a substantivized phrase. |
| 4 | εὑρίσκω | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V1SPIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 4 εὑρίσκω | cc | high | Connects coordinated predicative element. |
| 6 | ἄλλαις | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 χώραις | amod | high | Modifies χώραις. |
| 7 | χώραις | χώρα | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 συμβεβηκός | obl | high | Dative with συμβεβηκός. |
| 8 | συμβεβηκός | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-RAP-NSN | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 4 εὑρίσκω | xcomp | medium | Perfect participle predicative; likely complements εὑρίσκω. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 εὑρίσκω | punct | high | Sentence break punctuation. |
| 10 | Λιβύη | Λιβύη | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 τρέφει | nsubj | high | Subject of τρέφει. |
| 11 | μέν | μέν | PART | G | _ | 10 Λιβύη | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 12 | γε | γε | PART | G | _ | 10 Λιβύη | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 13 | μόνη | μόνος | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 Λιβύη | amod | high | Agrees with Λιβύη. |
| 14 | κροκοδείλους | κροκόδειλος | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 τρέφει | obj | high | Direct object of τρέφει. |
| 15 | τρέφει | τρέφω | VERB | V3SPIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 εὑρίσκω | parataxis | high | New independent clause. |
| 16 | χερσαίους | χερσαῖος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 κροκοδείλους | amod | high | Modifies κροκοδείλους. |
| 17 | διπήχεων | διπήχυς | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἐλάσσονας | nmod | medium | Genitive of measure/size with ἐλάσσονας. |
| 18 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D | _ | 19 ἐλάσσονας | advmod | high | Negation. |
| 19 | ἐλάσσονας | ἐλάσσων | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 κροκοδείλους | amod | medium | Could be predicate adjective in apposition to κροκοδείλους. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 τρέφει | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 21 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R | Case=Gen | 27 κομίζεται | case | high | Introduces genitive complement. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 27 κομίζεται | discourse | high | Postpositive connector. |
| 23 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 κομίζεται | nmod | high | Genitive complement of παρὰ. |
| 24 | μόνων | μόνος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 Ἰνδῶν | amod | high | Modifies Ἰνδῶν. |
| 25 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 27 κομίζεται | obj | high | Object of κομίζεται. |
| 26 | τε | τε | PART | G | _ | 25 ἄλλα | discourse | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 27 | κομίζεται | κομίζω | VERB | V3SPII- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 15 τρέφει | conj | high | Coordinated with τρέφει. |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 29 ὄρνιθες | cc | high | Coordinates with ὄρνιθες. |
| 29 | ὄρνιθες | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 κομίζεται | nsubj | high | Subject of κομίζεται. |
| 30 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 31 ψιττακοί | det | high | Article modifying ψιττακοί. |
| 31 | ψιττακοί | ψιττακός | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ὄρνιθες | appos | medium | Appositive/explanatory noun to ὄρνιθες. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 κομίζεται | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τοὺς δὲ ὄφεις οἱ Ἐπιδαύριοι τοὺς μεγάλους ἐς πλέον πηχῶν καὶ τριάκοντα προήκοντας, οἷοι παρά τε Ἰνδοῖς τρέφονται καὶ ἐν Λιβύῃ, ἄλλο δή τι γένος φασὶν εἶναι καὶ οὐ δράκοντας.
The syntax is somewhat loose: Ἐπιδαύριοι is treated as subject of φασίν, while οἷοι introduces a comparative/relative clause tied to the participial description of the snakes.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 ὄφεις | det | high | Article modifying ὄφεις. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 3 ὄφεις | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ὄφεις | ὄφις | NOUN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 φασὶν | obj | high | Object of φασίν. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Ἐπιδαύριοι | det | high | Article with Ἐπιδαύριοι. |
| 5 | Ἐπιδαύριοι | Ἐπιδαύριος | PROPN | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 φασὶν | nsubj | medium | Nominal subject of φασίν; treated as proper-name-like ethnicon. |
| 6 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 μεγάλους | det | high | Article with μεγάλους. |
| 7 | μεγάλους | μέγας | ADJ | a-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 προήκοντας | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying προήκοντας. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | d-------- | _ | 9 πλέον | case | high | Preposition governing πλέον. |
| 9 | πλέον | πλέον | ADV | d-------- | _ | 13 προήκοντας | advmod | medium | Used with ἐς as a measure phrase; analyzed adverbially. |
| 10 | πηχῶν | πῆχυς | NOUN | n-p---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 πλέον | nmod | high | Genitive of measure dependent on πλέον. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 12 τριάκοντα | cc | high | Conjoins numerals in the measure phrase. |
| 12 | τριάκοντα | τριάκοντα | NUM | a-p---na- | NumType=Card | 10 πηχῶν | conj | medium | Conjunct with πηχῶν in the measure expression. |
| 13 | προήκοντας | προήκω | VERB | vpp-pama- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 ὄφεις | amod | high | Participle modifying ὄφεις. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 φασὶν | punct | high | Comma. |
| 15 | οἷοι | οἷος | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 τρέφονται | xcomp | medium | Relative/predicative modifier with τρέφονται; syntax somewhat loose. |
| 16 | παρά | παρά | ADP | d-------- | _ | 18 Ἰνδοῖς | case | high | Preposition with Ἰνδοῖς. |
| 17 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 18 Ἰνδοῖς | advmod | medium | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 18 | Ἰνδοῖς | Ἰνδοί | PROPN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 τρέφονται | obl | high | Oblique complement with παρά. |
| 19 | τρέφονται | τρέφω | VERB | v3ppim--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 15 οἷοι | advcl | medium | Relative clause predicate; head linked to οἷοι. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 21 ἐν | cc | high | Coordinates prepositional phrases. |
| 21 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | d-------- | _ | 22 Λιβύῃ | case | high | Preposition with Λιβύῃ. |
| 22 | Λιβύῃ | Λιβύη | PROPN | n-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 τρέφονται | obl | high | Second oblique complement with ἐν. |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 φασὶν | punct | high | Comma. |
| 24 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 γένος | amod | high | Modifier of γένος. |
| 25 | δή | δή | PART | g-------- | _ | 24 ἄλλο | advmod | medium | Emphatic particle. |
| 26 | τι | τις | PRON | p-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 27 γένος | det | high | Indefinite pronoun functioning like determiner. |
| 27 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | n-s---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 φασὶν | obj | high | Object/complement of φασίν with infinitive εἶναι. |
| 28 | φασὶν | φημί | VERB | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main reporting verb. |
| 29 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | v--pna--- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 28 φασὶν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after φασίν. |
| 30 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 32 δράκοντας | cc | high | Coordinates with δράκοντας. |
| 31 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | _ | 32 δράκοντας | advmod | high | Negation of δράκοντας. |
| 32 | δράκοντας | δράκων | NOUN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 εἶναι | xcomp | medium | Predicate complement coordinated with γένος under εἶναι. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 φασὶν | punct | high | Sentence end. |