Grammar parses for passage 2.3.7
Open translation for this passage
ἅτε δὲ τοῦ θανάτου βιαίου καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ γενομένου, τὰ τέκνα Κορινθίων τὰ νήπια ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἐφθείρετο, πρὶν ἢ χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ θυσίαι τε αὐτοῖς ἐπέτειοι κατέστησαν καὶ Δεῖμα ἐπεστάθη.
The opening ἅτε-clause is a genitive absolute, with θανάτου modified by βιαίου and coordinated with the participle γενομένου; the main clause has a delayed plural subject (θυσίαι ... ἐπέτειοι) and the intervening ἐφθείρετο is singular, agreeing with τὰ νήπια as a collective or reflecting textual/syntactic irregularity. πρὶν ἢ introduces a temporal clause with genitive absolute χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 γενομένου | mark | high | Concessive/causal subordinator introducing the genitive absolute. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 γενομένου | cc | high | Connective particle. |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T- GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 θανάτου | det | high | |
| 4 | θανάτου | θάνατος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 γενομένου | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 5 | βιαίου | βίαιος | ADJ | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 θανάτου | amod | high | Agrees with θανάτου. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 δικαίῳ | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate complement. |
| 7 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 10 δικαίῳ | advmod | high | |
| 8 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 δικαίῳ | case | high | |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T- DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 δικαίῳ | det | high | |
| 10 | δικαίῳ | δίκαιος | ADJ | A-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 γενομένου | obl | medium | Substantivized adjective in the prepositional phrase σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ. |
| 11 | γενομένου | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 20 ἐφθείρετο | advcl | high | Genitive-absolute participle, coordinated with the causal frame. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 γενομένου | punct | high | |
| 13 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T- NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 τέκνα | det | high | |
| 14 | τέκνα | τέκνον | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἐφθείρετο | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of ἐφθείρετο; the later plural subject θυσίαι creates a syntactic irregularity. |
| 15 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 τέκνα | nmod | high | Possessive/genitive modifier. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 νήπια | det | high | |
| 17 | νήπια | νήπιος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 τέκνα | amod | high | Adjectival modifier, ‘infant’. |
| 18 | ὑπʼ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 αὐτῶν | case | high | Agent phrase with genitive. |
| 19 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 20 ἐφθείρετο | obl:agent | high | Agent of the passive verb. |
| 20 | ἐφθείρετο | φθείρω | VERB | V-IPI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 31 κατέστησαν | parataxis | medium | Singular passive; likely agrees collectively with τὰ νήπια/τέκνα, while the following clause has a separate plural predicate. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐφθείρετο | punct | high | |
| 22 | πρὶν | πρίν | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 κατέστησαν | mark | high | Temporal subordinator, completed by ἤ. |
| 23 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 πρὶν | fixed | high | Part of the fixed sequence πρὶν ἤ. |
| 24 | χρήσαντος | χράω | VERB | V-AAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 31 κατέστησαν | advcl | high | Genitive-absolute participle in the temporal clause. |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 θεοῦ | det | high | |
| 26 | θεοῦ | θεός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 χρήσαντος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 27 | θυσίαι | θυσία | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 31 κατέστησαν | nsubj | high | Subject of κατέστησαν. |
| 28 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 30 ἐπέτειοι | cc | high | Postpositive coordinator linking θυσίαι and ἐπέτειοι. |
| 29 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 30 ἐπέτειοι | obl | high | Dative beneficiary/reference with ἐπέτειοι κατέστησαν. |
| 30 | ἐπέτειοι | ἐπέτειος | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 27 θυσίαι | amod | high | Agrees with θυσίαι; ‘annual’. |
| 31 | κατέστησαν | καθίστημι | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Main finite verb; the preceding ἐφθείρετο may be a coordinated or textually irregular predicate. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 34 ἐπεστάθη | cc | high | Coordinates the second main predicate. |
| 33 | Δεῖμα | δεῖμα | PROPN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 34 ἐπεστάθη | nsubj:pass | high | Personified/place-name subject of ἐπεστάθη; proper-name usage. |
| 34 | ἐπεστάθη | ἐφίστημι | VERB | V-API-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 31 κατέστησαν | conj | high | Second coordinated main predicate. |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 κατέστησαν | punct | high |
τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι λείπεται, γυναικὸς ἐς τὸ φοβερώτερον εἰκὼν πεποιημένη·
The final participial phrase is elliptical: λείπεται governs a remaining/deferred image, with πεποιημένη functioning predicatively; ἐς τὸ φοβερώτερον expresses the direction or degree toward the more frightening form.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | PD--NAN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 8 λείπεται | nsubj | high | Neuter demonstrative subject of λείπεται. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | D-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | D-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | advmod | high | Adverbial καί, ‘also’. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 ἡμᾶς | case | high | Preposition governing ἡμᾶς. |
| 6 | ἡμᾶς | ἐγώ | PRON | P-------- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 8 λείπεται | obl | high | Accusative object of ἐς. |
| 7 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, ‘still’. |
| 8 | λείπεται | λείπω | VERB | V3SPI μη | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite middle verb; subject is τοῦτο. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 λείπεται | punct | high | |
| 10 | γυναικὸς | γυνή | NOUN | N---GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 εἰκὼν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on εἰκών, likely specifying the depicted woman. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 φοβερώτερον | case | high | Preposition governing the substantivized comparative. |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L----NAS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 φοβερώτερον | det | high | Article substantivizing φοβερώτερον. |
| 13 | φοβερώτερον | φοβερός | ADJ | A-SRN-A- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 πεποιημένη | obl | medium | Substantivized comparative with ἐς; syntactic relation to πεποιημένη is somewhat elliptical. |
| 14 | εἰκὼν | εἰκών | NOUN | N---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 πεποιημένη | nsubj | high | Subject/predicate participial noun with πεποιημένη. |
| 15 | πεποιημένη | ποιέω | VERB | VPRPNFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 8 λείπεται | xcomp | medium | Perfect passive participle, predicative/ supplementary to λείπεται; εἰκών is its nominative subject. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 λείπεται | punct | high |
Κορίνθου δὲ ἀναστάτου γενομένης ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων καὶ Κορινθίων τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀπολομένων, οὐκέτι ἐκεῖναι καθεστήκασιν αὐτοῖς αἱ θυσίαι παρὰ τῶν ἐποίκων οὐδὲ ἀποκείρονταί σφισιν οἱ παῖδες οὐδὲ μέλαιναν φοροῦσιν ἐσθῆτα.
The opening consists of two coordinated genitive absolutes; the main clause has coordinated predicates καθεστήκασιν, ἀποκείρονται, and φοροῦσιν, with ἐκεῖναι and αἱ θυσίαι functioning as the main subject expression.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κορίνθου | Κόρινθος | PROPN | Neut/Gen/Sing | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γενομένης | nsubj | high | Genitive absolute subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 γενομένης | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀναστάτου | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | Adj/Gen/Sing | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γενομένης | acomp | high | Predicate adjective in genitive absolute. |
| 4 | γενομένης | γίγνομαι | VERB | Part/Aor/Mid/Gen/Fem/Sing | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 15 καθεστήκασιν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute. |
| 5 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | Prep | _ | 6 Ῥωμαίων | case | high | |
| 6 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | Adj/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 γενομένης | obl:agent | high | Agent of ἀνάστατος γενομένης. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 Κορινθίων | cc | high | |
| 8 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | NOUN | Noun/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἀπολομένων | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of passive ἀπολομένων. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἀρχαίων | det | high | |
| 10 | ἀρχαίων | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | Adj/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Κορινθίων | amod | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 11 | ἀπολομένων | ἀπόλλυμι | VERB | Part/Aor/Mid/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 15 καθεστήκασιν | advcl | high | Second genitive absolute. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 καθεστήκασιν | punct | high | |
| 13 | οὐκέτι | οὐκέτι | ADV | Adv | Polarity=Neg | 15 καθεστήκασιν | advmod | high | |
| 14 | ἐκεῖναι | ἐκεῖνος | PRON | Pron/Nom/Fem/Plur | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 καθεστήκασιν | nsubj | high | Demonstrative subject, referring to θυσίαι. |
| 15 | καθεστήκασιν | καθίστημι | VERB | Verb/Perf/Act/Ind/3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect with stative sense. |
| 16 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | Pron/Dat/Masc/Plur | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 15 καθεστήκασιν | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/possession. |
| 17 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | Art/Nom/Fem/Plur | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 θυσίαι | det | high | |
| 18 | θυσίαι | θυσία | NOUN | Noun/Nom/Fem/Plur | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 καθεστήκασιν | nsubj | high | Appositional/referential subject alongside ἐκεῖναι. |
| 19 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | Prep | _ | 21 ἐποίκων | case | high | |
| 20 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἐποίκων | det | high | |
| 21 | ἐποίκων | ἔποικος | NOUN | Noun/Gen/Masc/Plur | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 καθεστήκασιν | obl | high | Source/origin with παρά. |
| 22 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | Polarity=Neg | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | cc | high | |
| 23 | ἀποκείρονταί | ἀποκείρω | VERB | Verb/Pres/Mid/Ind/3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Middle | 15 καθεστήκασιν | conj | high | Coordinated predicate. |
| 24 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | Pron/Dat/Plur | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | iobj | high | Dative of reference. |
| 25 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Art/Nom/Masc/Plur | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 26 παῖδες | det | high | |
| 26 | παῖδες | παῖς | NOUN | Noun/Nom/Masc/Plur | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | Polarity=Neg | 29 φοροῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 28 | μέλαιναν | μέλας | ADJ | Adj/Acc/Fem/Sing | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἐσθῆτα | amod | high | |
| 29 | φοροῦσιν | φορέω | VERB | Verb/Pres/Act/Ind/3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Active | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | conj | high | Further coordinated predicate under οὐδέ. |
| 30 | ἐσθῆτα | ἐσθής | NOUN | Noun/Acc/Fem/Sing | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 φοροῦσιν | obj | high | |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 καθεστήκασιν | punct | high |