Grammar parses for passage 2.3.7
Open translation for this passage
ἅτε δὲ τοῦ θανάτου βιαίου καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ γενομένου, τὰ τέκνα Κορινθίων τὰ νήπια ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἐφθείρετο, πρὶν ἢ χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ θυσίαι τε αὐτοῖς ἐπέτειοι κατέστησαν καὶ Δεῖμα ἐπεστάθη.
The syntax is difficult chiefly in the opening and temporal participial clauses; I treat them as genitive absolutes modifying the main narrative clauses.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | _ | _ | 11 γενομένου | mark | high | Causal/concessive particle introducing participial clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 20 ἐφθείρετο | cc | high | Connects to main clause. |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 θανάτου | det | high | |
| 4 | θανάτου | θάνατος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 γενομένου | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject of participle. |
| 5 | βιαίου | βίαιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 θανάτου | amod | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 11 γενομένου | cc | high | |
| 7 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 11 γενομένου | advmod | high | Negates participial phrase. |
| 8 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | _ | _ | 10 δικαίῳ | case | high | |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 δικαίῳ | det | high | |
| 10 | δικαίῳ | δίκαιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 γενομένου | obl | medium | Likely instrumental/comitative phrase with participle. |
| 11 | γενομένου | γίγνομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 20 ἐφθείρετο | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐφθείρετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 τέκνα | det | high | |
| 14 | τέκνα | τέκνον | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἐφθείρετο | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Number=Plur | 14 τέκνα | nmod | high | Gentilic adjective used substantively. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 νήπια | det | high | |
| 17 | νήπια | νήπιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 τέκνα | amod | high | Substantival adjective modifying τέκνα. |
| 18 | ὑπʼ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 19 αὐτῶν | case | high | |
| 19 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 20 ἐφθείρετο | obl | high | Agent phrase with passive verb. |
| 20 | ἐφθείρετο | φθείρω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐφθείρετο | punct | high | |
| 22 | πρὶν | πρίν | SCONJ | _ | _ | 31 κατέστησαν | mark | high | |
| 23 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | _ | _ | 31 κατέστησαν | mark | medium | Correlative with πρίν, introducing temporal clause. |
| 24 | χρήσαντος | χράω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 31 κατέστησαν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 θεοῦ | det | high | |
| 26 | θεοῦ | θεός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 χρήσαντος | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | θυσίαι | θυσία | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 31 κατέστησαν | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of κατέστησαν. |
| 28 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 27 θυσίαι | advmod | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 29 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 27 θυσίαι | obl | high | |
| 30 | ἐπέτειοι | ἐπέτειος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 27 θυσίαι | amod | high | |
| 31 | κατέστησαν | καθίστημι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Could be coordinated with ἐπεστάθη, but treated as root of second clause. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 34 ἐπεστάθη | cc | high | |
| 33 | Δεῖμα | Δεῖμα | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 34 ἐπεστάθη | nsubj:pass | high | Personified noun/name. |
| 34 | ἐπεστάθη | ἐφίστημι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 31 κατέστησαν | conj | high | |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 κατέστησαν | punct | high |
τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς ἔτι λείπεται, γυναικὸς ἐς τὸ φοβερώτερον εἰκὼν πεποιημένη·
The main clause is straightforward, but the final participial noun phrase εἰκὼν πεποιημένη and its relation to the genitive/prepositional modifiers is somewhat ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 8 λείπεται | nsubj | high | Likely subject of λείπεται. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | cc | high | Connects the prepositional phrase to the clause. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | obl | medium | Introduces directional/limit phrase; attachment slightly uncertain. |
| 6 | ἡμᾶς | ἐγώ | PRON | Pp1-A---- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 5 ἐς | obj | high | Object of ἐς. |
| 7 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 λείπεται | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 8 | λείπεται | λείπω | VERB | V-3SPMI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, syntactic root. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 λείπεται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | γυναικὸς | γυνή | NOUN | N-SF-GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 εἰκὼν | nmod | medium | Genitive modifying εἰκὼν; exact semantic relation uncertain. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 εἰκὼν | case | high | Preposition governing τὸ φοβερώτερον. |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 φοβερώτερον | det | high | Article with φοβερώτερον. |
| 13 | φοβερώτερον | φοβερός | ADJ | A-NSN-C-- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ἐς | obl | medium | Likely substantivized comparative in prepositional phrase. |
| 14 | εἰκὼν | εἰκών | NOUN | N--FSN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 λείπεται | advcl | medium | Appositional/participial phrase modifying the clause; attachment not fully secure. |
| 15 | πεποιημένη | ποιέω | VERB | V-PRPMFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 14 εἰκὼν | amod | high | Participial modifier of εἰκών. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 λείπεται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
Κορίνθου δὲ ἀναστάτου γενομένης ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων καὶ Κορινθίων τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀπολομένων, οὐκέτι ἐκεῖναι καθεστήκασιν αὐτοῖς αἱ θυσίαι παρὰ τῶν ἐποίκων οὐδὲ ἀποκείρονταί σφισιν οἱ παῖδες οὐδὲ μέλαιναν φοροῦσιν ἐσθῆτα.
The opening genitive absolute is syntactically detached from the main clause; the later clause chain is coordinated by repeated οὐδὲ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κορίνθου | Κόρινθος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γενομένης | nsubj | high | Genitive absolute subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 4 γενομένης | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ἀναστάτου | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 Κορίνθου | amod | high | Predicative adjective within genitive absolute. |
| 4 | γενομένης | γίγνομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 15 καθεστήκασιν | advcl | high | Participle heading the genitive absolute. |
| 5 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 6 Ῥωμαίων | case | high | Introduces agent phrase. |
| 6 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 γενομένης | obl | high | Agent of passive participle. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 Κορινθίων | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 8 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Ῥωμαίων | conj | high | Conjoined with Ῥωμαίων. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἀρχαίων | det | high | Article with participle. |
| 10 | ἀρχαίων | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἀπολομένων | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying participle. |
| 11 | ἀπολομένων | ἀπόλλυμι | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 6 Ῥωμαίων | conj | high | Participial clause coordinated within genitive absolute environment. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 καθεστήκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | οὐκέτι | οὐκέτι | ADV | _ | _ | 15 καθεστήκασιν | advmod | high | Temporal/adverbial modifier. |
| 14 | ἐκεῖναι | ἐκεῖνος | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 18 θυσίαι | det | medium | Likely demonstrative modifying θυσίαι, though agreement is semantically rather than formally obvious. |
| 15 | καθεστήκασιν | καθίστημι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 16 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 15 καθεστήκασιν | iobj | high | Dative of reference/advantage. |
| 17 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 θυσίαι | det | high | Article. |
| 18 | θυσίαι | θυσία | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 καθεστήκασιν | nsubj | high | Subject of καθεστήκασιν. |
| 19 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | _ | _ | 21 ἐποίκων | case | high | Preposition. |
| 20 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 ἐποίκων | det | high | Article. |
| 21 | ἐποίκων | ἔποικος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 καθεστήκασιν | obl | high | Prepositional oblique. |
| 22 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | cc | high | Negative coordinator. |
| 23 | ἀποκείρονταί | ἀποκείρω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 15 καθεστήκασιν | conj | high | Second coordinated main verb. |
| 24 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | iobj | high | Dative of reference. |
| 25 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 26 παῖδες | det | high | Article. |
| 26 | παῖδες | παῖς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἀποκείρονταί | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀποκείρονται. |
| 27 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 29 φοροῦσιν | cc | high | Negative coordinator. |
| 28 | μέλαιναν | μέλας | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἐσθῆτα | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying ἐσθῆτα. |
| 29 | φοροῦσιν | φορέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 καθεστήκασιν | conj | high | Third coordinated main verb. |
| 30 | ἐσθῆτα | ἐσθής | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 φοροῦσιν | obj | high | Direct object. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 καθεστήκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |