Grammar parses for passage 3.1.1
Open translation for this passage
μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Ἑρμᾶς ἐστιν ἤδη Λακωνικὴ τὰ πρὸς ἑσπέρας.
The phrase τὰ πρὸς ἑσπέρας is an elliptical substantivized directional expression, coordinated predicatively with Λακωνική: ‘Laconia lies toward the west’; μετὰ τοὺς Ἑρμᾶς is a prepositional temporal/spatial adjunct.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 4 Ἑρμᾶς | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative phrase. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐστιν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Ἑρμᾶς | det | high | |
| 4 | Ἑρμᾶς | Ἑρμῆς | PROPN | NPM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐστιν | obl | high | Plural accusative of the place-name Ἑρμαί/Ἑρμαῖ; token form is Ἑρμᾶς. |
| 5 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/existential predicate. |
| 6 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 5 ἐστιν | advmod | high | |
| 7 | Λακωνικὴ | Λακωνικός | PROPN | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized feminine adjective, ‘Laconia’. |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἑσπέρας | det | medium | Article substantivizing an omitted neuter plural noun in the directional phrase. |
| 9 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 10 ἑσπέρας | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative. |
| 10 | ἑσπέρας | ἑσπέρα | NOUN | N-AF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐστιν | obl | medium | Accusative in the directional expression πρὸς ἑσπέρας; τὰ is a substantivizing/elliptical article. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐστιν | punct | high |
ὡς δὲ αὐτοὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι, Λέλεξ αὐτόχθων ὢν ἐβασίλευσε πρῶτος ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου Λέλεγες ὧν ἦρχεν ὠνομάσθησαν.
The ὡς clause is analyzed as the complement of λέγουσι; καὶ coordinates ὠνομάσθησαν with ἐβασίλευσε, while ὧν ἦρχεν is a relative clause modifying Λέλεγες.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 λέγουσι | mark | high | Content clause marker: 'as they say'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 λέγουσι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | P----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 4 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | amod | medium | Emphatic/reflexive pronoun modifying Λακεδαιμόνιοι. |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 λέγουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of λέγουσι. |
| 5 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Matrix verb introducing the ὡς clause. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | u | _ | 5 λέγουσι | punct | high | |
| 7 | Λέλεξ | Λέλεξ | PROPN | N----NM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐβασίλευσε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐβασίλευσε. |
| 8 | αὐτόχθων | αὐτόχθων | ADJ | A----NM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Λέλεξ | amod | high | Predicative/appositional adjective describing Λέλεξ. |
| 9 | ὢν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAP-NM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 ἐβασίλευσε | advcl | high | Concessive or circumstantial participial clause: being autochthonous. |
| 10 | ἐβασίλευσε | βασιλεύω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 5 λέγουσι | ccomp | high | Finite predicate of the content clause. |
| 11 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A----NM-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐβασίλευσε | advmod | high | Predicative/supplementary adjective meaning first. |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 14 γῇ | case | high | |
| 13 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | S----DF-S | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 γῇ | det | high | |
| 14 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | N----DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἐβασίλευσε | obl | high | Locative complement of ἐβασίλευσε. |
| 15 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | DET | A----DF-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 14 γῇ | det | high | Demonstrative modifying γῇ. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ὠνομάσθησαν | cc | high | Coordinates the following clause with the preceding clause. |
| 17 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | P | _ | 18 τούτου | case | high | |
| 18 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | A----NG-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 22 ὠνομάσθησαν | obl | high | Source expression: from this man/event. |
| 19 | Λέλεγες | Λέλεγες | PROPN | N----NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ὠνομάσθησαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ὠνομάσθησαν. |
| 20 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | P----NG-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 21 ἦρχεν | obl | high | Genitive relative pronoun, governed by ἦρχεν: those over whom he ruled. |
| 21 | ἦρχεν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 19 Λέλεγες | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause predicate; implied subject is Λέλεξ. |
| 22 | ὠνομάσθησαν | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-API-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass | 10 ἐβασίλευσε | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate: the Leleges were named. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | u | _ | 5 λέγουσι | punct | high |
Λέλεγος δὲ γίνεται Μύλης καὶ νεώτερος Πολυκάων.
Copular γίνεται links Λέλεγος with the predicate nominative Μύλης; νεώτερος Πολυκάων is a coordinated comparative predicate, with Πολυκάων understood as the subject of the comparison.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λέλεγος | Λέλεγος | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 γίνεται | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 3 γίνεται | cc | high | |
| 3 | γίνεται | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/linking use: 'becomes/is'. |
| 4 | Μύλης | Μύλης | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 γίνεται | xcomp | medium | Predicate nominative. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 6 νεώτερος | cc | high | |
| 6 | νεώτερος | νέος | ADJ | A--NSM-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 γίνεται | conj | medium | Coordinated comparative predicate; construed with Πολυκάων. |
| 7 | Πολυκάων | Πολυκάων | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 νεώτερος | nsubj | medium | Subject of the coordinated comparative predication; syntax is elliptical. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 γίνεται | punct | high |
Πολυκάων μὲν δὴ ὅποι καὶ διʼ ἥντινα αἰτίαν ἀπεχώρησεν, ἑτέρωθι δηλώσω·
Πολυκάων is the subject of δηλώσω only by discourse linkage: the first clause is a parenthetical concessive/topic clause, with ὅποι and διʼ ἥντινα αἰτίαν dependent on ἀπεχώρησεν. ἑτέρωθι modifies δηλώσω; μὲν δή marks the discourse transition.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Πολυκάων | Πολυκάων | PROPN | Nbmsf | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 δηλώσω | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 12 δηλώσω | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 12 δηλώσω | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ὅποι | ὅποι | ADV | Dq | PronType=Rel | 9 ἀπεχώρησεν | advmod | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 6 διʼ | cc | high | |
| 6 | διʼ | διά | ADP | R- | _ | 8 αἰτίαν | case | high | |
| 7 | ἥντινα | ὅστις | DET | Ptqafs | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 8 αἰτίαν | det | high | Indefinite-interrogative relative determiner modifying αἰτίαν. |
| 8 | αἰτίαν | αἰτία | NOUN | Nafs | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἀπεχώρησεν | obl | high | Object of διά in the causal phrase διʼ ἥντινα αἰτίαν. |
| 9 | ἀπεχώρησεν | ἀποχωρέω | VERB | V3saaia | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 δηλώσω | advcl | high | Aorist indicative clause coordinated in discourse with the following main statement. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπεχώρησεν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἑτέρωθι | ἑτέρωθι | ADV | Dg | _ | 12 δηλώσω | advmod | high | Locative adverb, ‘elsewhere/in another place’. |
| 12 | δηλώσω | δηλόω | VERB | V1saaif | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 δηλώσω | punct | high |
Μύλητος δὲ τελευτήσαντος παρέλαβεν ὁ παῖς Εὐρώτας τὴν ἀρχήν.
τελευτήσαντος Μυλήτου is a genitive absolute meaning ‘after Mylētus had died’; the supplied token order places Μύλητος before the participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Μύλητος | Μύλητος | PROPN | Ne-Nom-Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 παῖς | nmod:poss | high | Genitive relation is expressed by the following genitive absolute; proper name is the possessor/antecedent. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 παρέλαβεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τελευτήσαντος | τελευτάω | VERB | VAorActGenSg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 4 παρέλαβεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with Μύλητος understood as its genitive subject. |
| 4 | παρέλαβεν | παραλαμβάνω | VERB | V3S-Aor-Act-Ind | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=Third|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | DA-NomSgMasc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 παῖς | det | high | |
| 6 | παῖς | παῖς | NOUN | N-NomSgMasc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 παρέλαβεν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | Εὐρώτας | Εὐρώτας | PROPN | Ne-NomSgMasc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 παῖς | appos | high | Appositional proper name identifying παῖς. |
| 8 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | DA-AccSgFem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 ἀρχήν | det | high | |
| 9 | ἀρχήν | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-AccSgFem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 παρέλαβεν | obj | high | |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 παρέλαβεν | punct | high |
οὗτος τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ λιμνάζον ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ διώρυγι κατήγαγεν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν, ἀπορρυέντος δὲ---ἦν γὰν δὴ τὸ ὑπόλοιπον ποταμοῦ ῥεῦμα--- ὠνόμασεν Εὐρώταν.
The sentence contains two coordinated finite narrative predicates (κατήγαγεν and ὠνόμασεν) plus a parenthetical clause introduced by a genitive absolute; the dash-delimited material is syntactically interrupted, and γὰν is uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PDMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 κατήγαγεν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | PDNS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 3 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | NANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 κατήγαγεν | obj | high | |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | PDNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 λιμνάζον | det | high | Relative/participial apposition agrees with ὕδωρ; form is syncretic. |
| 5 | λιμνάζον | λιμνάζω | VERB | VPAN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 3 ὕδωρ | acl | medium | Participle agrees with ὕδωρ; syntactic case is nominative in the transmitted phrase. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 8 πεδίῳ | case | high | |
| 7 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | PDNS | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 πεδίῳ | det | high | |
| 8 | πεδίῳ | πεδίον | NOUN | NDNS | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 λιμνάζον | obl | high | |
| 9 | διώρυγι | διῶρυξ | NOUN | NFDS | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 κατήγαγεν | obl | high | Instrumental/means dative: by a canal. |
| 10 | κατήγαγεν | κατάγω | VERB | VAAI3S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist indicative. |
| 11 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 12 θάλασσαν | case | high | |
| 12 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | NACS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 κατήγαγεν | obl | high | Goal/direction with ἐπί. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 κατήγαγεν | punct | high | |
| 14 | ἀπορρυέντος | ἀπορρέω | VERB | VAMPNS | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 19 ἦν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute participle; supplied subject is understood from context, and the excerpt is interrupted by dashes. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 ἀπορρυέντος | cc | high | |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiting parenthetical interruption. |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiting parenthetical interruption. |
| 18 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash delimiting parenthetical interruption. |
| 19 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | VIAI3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 29 ὠνόμασεν | parataxis | medium | Parenthetical clause; predicate with postponed/elliptical subject relation to τὸ ῥεῦμα. |
| 20 | γὰν | γάρ | PART | X | _ | 19 ἦν | discourse | low | Likely orthographic/lexical variant or corruption of γάρ; exact morphology uncertain. |
| 21 | δὴ | δή | PART | X | _ | 19 ἦν | discourse | high | |
| 22 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | PDNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ῥεῦμα | det | high | Subject determiner. |
| 23 | ὑπόλοιπον | ὑπόλοιπος | ADJ | AANS | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ῥεῦμα | amod | high | Substantivized adjective modifying ῥεῦμα. |
| 24 | ποταμοῦ | ποταμός | NOUN | GMS | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ῥεῦμα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ῥεῦμα. |
| 25 | ῥεῦμα | ῥεῦμα | NOUN | NNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν. |
| 26 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash closing parenthetical interruption. |
| 27 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash closing parenthetical interruption. |
| 28 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦν | punct | high | Dash closing parenthetical interruption. |
| 29 | ὠνόμασεν | ὀνομάζω | VERB | VAAI3S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main clause after the parenthetical; coordinated narrative predicate with κατήγαγεν. |
| 30 | Εὐρώταν | Εὐρώτας | PROPN | NAMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ὠνόμασεν | obj | high | |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ὠνόμασεν | punct | high |