Grammar parses for passage 3.19.12
Open translation for this passage
ἐς ταύτην πρῶτος ἐσπλεῦσαι λέγεται Κροτωνιάτης Λεώνυμος.
The syntax is straightforward overall: λέγεται takes an infinitival complement, and Λεώνυμος is the reported subject; ταύτην is somewhat ambiguous because the clause lacks an explicit object noun, so it is attached as the prepositional object with a note.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 2 ταύτην | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 2 | ταύτην | οὗτος | DET | PD-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 ἐσπλεῦσαι | obl | medium | Likely demonstrative modifying understood/implicit noun or serving as object of the infinitive; attached as the prepositional object. |
| 3 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Λεώνυμος | amod | high | Predicative/adjectival modifier of the subject name. |
| 4 | ἐσπλεῦσαι | ἐσπλέω | VERB | AORINF | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 5 λέγεται | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive of λέγεται. |
| 5 | λέγεται | λέγω | VERB | PRES-M/P-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb in passive/deponent-like use 'is said'. |
| 6 | Κροτωνιάτης | Κροτωνιάτης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Λεώνυμος | flat | high | Appositional ethnicon within the name phrase. |
| 7 | Λεώνυμος | Λεώνυμος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 λέγεται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of λέγεται. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 λέγεται | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
πολέμου γὰρ Κροτωνιάταις συνεστηκότος πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ Λοκρούς, τῶν Λοκρῶν κατὰ οἰκειότητα πρὸς Ὀπουντίους Αἴαντα τὸν Ὀιλέως ἐς τὰς μάχας ἐπικαλουμένων, ὁ Λεώνυμος Κροτωνιάταις στρατηγῶν ἐπῄει τοῖς ἐναντίοίς κατὰ τοῦτο ᾗ προτετάχθαι σφίσι τὸν Αἴαντα ἤκουε.
The syntax is dense with two genitive absolutes and an infinitival clause; token 23 is especially ambiguous in number/morphology because the surface form and syntactic sense do not perfectly align.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 συνεστηκότος | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with συνεστηκότος. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | g-------- | _ | 4 συνεστηκότος | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | Κροτωνιάταις | Κροτωνιάτης | PROPN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 συνεστηκότος | obl | high | Dative with the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | συνεστηκότος | συνίστημι | VERB | v-sppagm- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 ἐπῄει | advcl | high | Participle heading the genitive absolute. |
| 5 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | pp | _ | 9 Λοκρούς | case | high | Preposition governing Λοκρούς. |
| 6 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 Λοκρούς | det | high | Article modifying Λοκρούς. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | pp | _ | 9 Λοκρούς | case | high | Preposition in the modifier of Λοκρούς. |
| 8 | Ἰταλίᾳ | Ἰταλία | PROPN | n-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 Λοκρούς | nmod | high | Part of ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ modifying Λοκρούς. |
| 9 | Λοκρούς | Λοκρός | PROPN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 συνεστηκότος | obl | high | Object of πρός. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 συνεστηκότος | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 11 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | det | high | Article with Λοκρῶν. |
| 12 | Λοκρῶν | Λοκρός | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of ἐπικαλουμένων in genitive absolute. |
| 13 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | pp | _ | 14 οἰκειότητα | case | high | Preposition with οἰκειότητα. |
| 14 | οἰκειότητα | οἰκειότης | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | obl | high | Adverbial modifier in the participial phrase. |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | pp | _ | 17 Αἴαντα | case | high | Preposition with Ὀπουντίους. |
| 16 | Ὀπουντίους | Ὀπούντιος | PROPN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 Αἴαντα | obl | high | Object of πρός. |
| 17 | Αἴαντα | Αἴας | PROPN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | obj | high | Object of ἐπικαλουμένων. |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 Ὀιλέως | det | high | Article modifying Ὀιλέως. |
| 19 | Ὀιλέως | Οἰλεύς | PROPN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Αἴαντα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on Αἴαντα. |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | pp | _ | 22 μάχας | case | high | Preposition with μάχας. |
| 21 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | l-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 22 μάχας | det | high | Article modifying μάχας. |
| 22 | μάχας | μάχη | NOUN | n-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | obl | high | Goal/complement of ἐς. |
| 23 | ἐπικαλουμένων | ἐπικαλέω | VERB | v-sppmgm- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 29 ἐπῄει | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; headless by context, possibly plural semantics despite singular-tag morphology ambiguity. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐπικαλουμένων | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 25 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 Λεώνυμος | det | high | Article with Λεώνυμος. |
| 26 | Λεώνυμος | Λεώνυμος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἐπῄει | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπῄει. |
| 27 | Κροτωνιάταις | Κροτωνιάτης | PROPN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ἐπῄει | obl | high | Dative with στρατηγῶν / associated with the subject's leadership. |
| 28 | στρατηγῶν | στρατηγέω | VERB | v-sppamn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 ἐπῄει | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying Λεώνυμος. |
| 29 | ἐπῄει | ἐπείμι | VERB | v3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 30 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | l-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 31 ἐναντίοίς | det | high | Article with ἐναντίοίς. |
| 31 | ἐναντίοίς | ἐναντίος | ADJ | a-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ἐπῄει | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐπῄει. |
| 32 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | pp | _ | 33 τοῦτο | case | high | Preposition with τοῦτο. |
| 33 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | d-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 29 ἐπῄει | obl | high | Adverbial phrase κατὰ τοῦτο. |
| 34 | ᾗ | ὅς | PRON | rr-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 35 προτετάχθαι | obl | high | Relative pronoun referring to the manner/ground. |
| 35 | προτετάχθαι | προτάσσω | VERB | v--rpn--- | Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 39 ἤκουε | ccomp | high | Infinitival clause dependent on ἤκουε. |
| 36 | σφίσι | σφεῖς | PRON | p-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 35 προτετάχθαι | obl | high | Dative agent/experiencer with infinitive. |
| 37 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 38 Αἴαντα | det | high | Article with Αἴαντα. |
| 38 | Αἴαντα | Αἴας | PROPN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 προτετάχθαι | obj | high | Subject/object of the infinitive, depending on interpretation; accusative with προτετάχθαι. |
| 39 | ἤκουε | ἀκούω | VERB | v3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 29 ἐπῄει | advcl | high | Verb governing the infinitival clause. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ἐπῄει | punct | high | Punctuation. |
τιτρώσκεται δὴ τὸ στέρνον καὶ--- ἔκαμνε γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ τραύματος---ἀφίκετο ἐς Δελφούς.
The sentence contains a parenthetical explanatory interruption between the two finite verbs; I attach the parenthetical material to the later finite verb as the most local clause head.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τιτρώσκεται | τιτρώσκω | VERB | V-PII-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, main clause root. |
| 2 | δὴ | δή | PART | P | _ | 1 τιτρώσκεται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 3 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 στέρνον | det | high | Article modifying στέρνον. |
| 4 | στέρνον | στέρνον | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 τιτρώσκεται | obj | high | Direct object of τιτρώσκεται. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c | _ | 1 τιτρώσκεται | cc | medium | Connects to the following omitted/parenthetical material and later clause. |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 τιτρώσκεται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 7 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 τιτρώσκεται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 τιτρώσκεται | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 9 | ἔκαμνε | κάμνω | VERB | V-IIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 17 ἀφίκετο | advcl | medium | Parenthetical explanatory clause; tense slightly uncertain in context. |
| 10 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | P | _ | 9 ἔκαμνε | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 11 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R | _ | 13 τραύματος | case | high | Introduces agent/causal phrase. |
| 12 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 τραύματος | det | high | Article modifying τραύματος. |
| 13 | τραύματος | τραῦμα | NOUN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἔκαμνε | obl | high | Genitive complement of ὑπό. |
| 14 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀφίκετο | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 15 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀφίκετο | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀφίκετο | punct | high | Dash in parenthetical interruption. |
| 17 | ἀφίκετο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 1 τιτρώσκεται | conj | high | Coordinated main verb with τιτρώσκεται. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 19 Δελφούς | case | high | Preposition governing destination. |
| 19 | Δελφούς | Δελφοί | PROPN | Np-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἀφίκετο | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀφίκετο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |