Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 3.23.1

Sentence 1

3.23.1 sentence 1

Tokens: 25
Input: 777
Output: 1,713
Total: 2,490

Κύθηρα δὲ κεῖται μὲν ἀπαντικρὺ Βοιῶν, ἐς δὲ Πλατανιστοῦντα---ἐλάχιστον γὰρ τῆς ἠπείρου ταύτῃ διέστηκεν ἡ νῆσος---.

Κύθηρα is the subject of κεῖται; the coordinated ἐς-phrase is elliptical, with Πλατανιστοῦντα understood as the reference point for distance. The parenthetical clause gives the measured separation; ταύτῃ is an adverbial dative (‘in this direction’).

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Κύθηρα	Κύθηρα	PROPN	Nbnp	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	3 κεῖται	nsubj	high	Plural neuter place-name with singular syntactic agreement in κεῖται.
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	3 κεῖται	cc	high
3	κεῖται	κεῖμαι	VERB	V3SPIE---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Stative verb ‘lies/is situated’.
4	μὲν	μέν	PART	G---------	_	3 κεῖται	discourse	high	Correlative particle, answered by δέ at token 9.
5	ἀπαντικρὺ	ἀπαντικρύ	ADV	D---------	_	3 κεῖται	advmod	high	Adverb ‘opposite/across from’.
6	Βοιῶν	Βοιωτός	PROPN	Nbng	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	5 ἀπαντικρὺ	obl	medium	Ethnic plural used substantivally for the Boeotians/Boeotia.
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	3 κεῖται	punct	high
8	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R---------	_	10 Πλατανιστοῦντα	case	high	Preposition governing Πλατανιστοῦντα.
9	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	10 Πλατανιστοῦντα	cc	high	Coordinates the second directional phrase.
10	Πλατανιστοῦντα	Πλατανιστοῦς	PROPN	Nbam	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	3 κεῖται	obl	medium	Accusative place-name after ἐς; construction is elliptical after κεῖται.
11	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash opening parenthetical.
12	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash opening parenthetical.
13	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash opening parenthetical.
14	ἐλάχιστον	ἐλάχιστος	ADJ	A---ASNe-	Case=Acc\|Degree=Superl\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	19 διέστηκεν	advmod	medium	Neuter accusative adverbial superlative, ‘the least distance’.
15	γὰρ	γάρ	SCONJ	G---------	_	19 διέστηκεν	mark	high	Explanatory particle introducing the parenthetical clause.
16	τῆς	ὁ	DET	L---GSF---	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 ἠπείρου	det	high
17	ἠπείρου	ἤπειρος	NOUN	N---GSF---	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 διέστηκεν	obl	high	Genitive of comparison/reference with διέστηκεν.
18	ταύτῃ	οὗτος	PRON	P---DSF---	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 διέστηκεν	advmod	high	Adverbial dative, ‘in this direction’.
19	διέστηκεν	διΐστημι	VERB	V3SRIA---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Act	3 κεῖται	parataxis	high	Parenthetical explanatory clause; subject follows.
20	ἡ	ὁ	DET	L---NSF---	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	21 νῆσος	det	high
21	νῆσος	νῆσος	NOUN	N---NSF---	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 διέστηκεν	nsubj	high
22	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash closing parenthetical.
23	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash closing parenthetical.
24	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	14 ἐλάχιστον	punct	high	Dash closing parenthetical.
25	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	3 κεῖται	punct	high

Sentence 2

3.23.1 sentence 2

Tokens: 21
Input: 772
Output: 1,566
Total: 2,338

ἐς ταύτην τὴν ἄκραν τὸν Πλατανιστοῦντα ἀπὸ ἄκρας τῆς ἠπείρου, καλουμένης δὲ Ὄνου γνάθου, σταδίων πλοῦς τεσσαράκοντά ἐστιν.

The sentence has an elliptical measurement construction: πλοῦς τεσσαράκοντά ἐστιν, with σταδίων as a genitive measure complement; Πλατανιστοῦντα is the destination accusative governed by ἐς, while καλουμένης δὲ Ὄνου γνάθου is a genitive absolute naming the departure cape.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	4 ἄκραν	case	high
2	ταύτην	οὗτος	DET	RD----ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	4 ἄκραν	det	high
3	τὴν	ὁ	DET	RA----ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	4 ἄκραν	det	high
4	ἄκραν	ἄκρα	NOUN	N----ASF-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	18 πλοῦς	obl	medium	Destination phrase; syntactically associated with the voyage.
5	τὸν	ὁ	DET	RA----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	6 Πλατανιστοῦντα	det	high
6	Πλατανιστοῦντα	Πλατανιστοῦς	PROPN	Ne----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	1 ἐς	obl	medium	Proper place name; coordinated destination complement of ἐς, with ἄκραν understood or appositional.
7	ἀπὸ	ἀπό	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	8 ἄκρας	case	high
8	ἄκρας	ἄκρα	NOUN	N----GSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 ἠπείρου	nmod	high
9	τῆς	ὁ	DET	RA----GSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	10 ἠπείρου	det	high
10	ἠπείρου	ἤπειρος	NOUN	N----GSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	18 πλοῦς	obl	high	Departure point phrase ἀπὸ ἄκρας τῆς ἠπείρου.
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	12 καλουμένης	punct	high
12	καλουμένης	καλέω	VERB	VPPPGSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	10 ἠπείρου	acl	medium	Genitive absolute participle; its understood subject is ἄκρας.
13	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	12 καλουμένης	cc	high
14	Ὄνου	ὄνος	NOUN	N----GSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	15 γνάθου	nmod	high	Genitive modifier in the place-name expression Ὄνου γνάθου.
15	γνάθου	γνάθος	PROPN	Ne----GSF-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	12 καλουμένης	xcomp	medium	Name/predicate complement of καλουμένης; treated as a proper name expression.
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	18 πλοῦς	punct	high
17	σταδίων	στάδιον	NOUN	N----GPN-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	18 πλοῦς	nmod	high	Genitive of measure/extent modifying πλοῦς.
18	πλοῦς	πλόος	NOUN	N----NSM-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	20 ἐστιν	nsubj	high
19	τεσσαράκοντά	τεσσαράκοντα	NUM	M--------	NumType=Card	17 σταδίων	nummod	high	Cardinal numeral modifying σταδίων.
20	ἐστιν	εἰμί	AUX	V3SPAI---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	20 ἐστιν	punct	high

Sentence 3

3.23.1 sentence 3

Tokens: 9
Input: 645
Output: 687
Total: 1,332

ἐν Κυθήροις δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσης Σκάνδειά ἐστιν ἐπίνειον.

Σκάνδεια ἐπίνειον ἐστιν is a copular clause; ἐν Κυθήροις and ἐπὶ θαλάσσης are locative adjuncts. The dependency label for token 8 is predicate nominative.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	_	2 Κυθήροις	case	high
2	Κυθήροις	Κύθηρα	PROPN	N--DPN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	6 Σκάνδειά	obl	high	Locative dative after ἐν.
3	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	7 ἐστιν	cc	high
4	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	PREP	_	5 θαλάσσης	case	high
5	θαλάσσης	θάλασσα	NOUN	N--GFS	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	6 Σκάνδειά	obl	high	Genitive after ἐπί; denotes position by/on the sea.
6	Σκάνδειά	Σκάνδεια	PROPN	N--NFS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	7 ἐστιν	nsubj	high
7	ἐστιν	εἰμί	VERB	V3SPAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Copular clause; Σκάνδεια is the subject and ἐπίνειον the predicate noun.
8	ἐπίνειον	ἐπίνειον	NOUN	N--NNS	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	7 ἐστιν	อpred	medium	Predicate noun, neuter nominative; form may also be analyzed adjectivally, but nominal use is intended.
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	7 ἐστιν	punct	high

Sentence 4

3.23.1 sentence 4

Tokens: 11
Input: 657
Output: 844
Total: 1,501

Κύθηρα δὲ ἡ πόλις ἀναβάντι ἀπὸ Σκανδείας στάδια ὡς δέκα.

Elliptical distance sentence: Κύθηρα is the destination/topic, with ἡ πόλις as the subject of an implied ἐστίν; ἀναβάντι agrees with an understood traveler, and στάδια ὡς δέκα gives an approximate distance from Scandeia.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Κύθηρα	Κύθηρα	PROPN	Neut-Acc-Pl	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	4 πόλις	obl	medium	Place name, likely accusative of destination; syntactically somewhat elliptical.
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	4 πόλις	cc	high
3	ἡ	ὁ	DET	Art-Nom-Sg-Fem	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	4 πόλις	det	high
4	πόλις	πόλις	NOUN	N-Nom-Sg-Fem	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	0 ROOT	root	medium	Nominal predicate/topic with implied εἰμί.
5	ἀναβάντι	ἀναβαίνω	VERB	PAPt-Dat-Sg	Case=Dat\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	4 πόλις	advcl	medium	Aorist active participle, dative of reference or agreeing with an understood traveler.
6	ἀπὸ	ἀπό	ADP	PREP	_	5 ἀναβάντι	case	high
7	Σκανδείας	Σκάνδεια	PROPN	N-Gen-Sg-Fem	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	6 ἀπὸ	obl	high	Object of ἀπό.
8	στάδια	στάδιον	NOUN	N-Acc-Pl-Neut	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	5 ἀναβάντι	obl	high	Distance measure, accusative of extent.
9	ὡς	ὡς	ADV	ADV	_	10 δέκα	advmod	high	Approximating adverb modifying δέκα.
10	δέκα	δέκα	NUM	NUM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 στάδια	nummod	medium	Cardinal numeral agreeing semantically with στάδια; indeclinable form.
11	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	4 πόλις	punct	high

Sentence 5

3.23.1 sentence 5

Tokens: 15
Input: 730
Output: 1,179
Total: 1,909

τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τῆς Οὐρανίας ἁγιώτατον καὶ ἱερῶν ὁπόσα Ἀφροδίτης παρʼ Ἕλλησίν ἐστιν ἀρχαιότατον.

The sentence has a neuter singular subject ἱερόν and two coordinated superlative predicates; ἱερῶν is best read as a partitive genitive with ἀρχαιότατον, while ὁπόσα introduces the quantified relative phrase.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	3 ἱερὸν	det	high
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	3 ἱερὸν	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	ἱερὸν	ἱερόν	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	6 ἁγιώτατον	nsubj	high	Subject of the copular predicate.
4	τῆς	ὁ	DET	T-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	5 Οὐρανίας	det	high
5	Οὐρανίας	Οὐρανία	PROPN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	3 ἱερὸν	nmod	high	Genitive dependent on ἱερόν.
6	ἁγιώτατον	ἅγιος	ADJ	A-NSN-S	Case=Nom\|Degree=Superl\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	13 ἐστιν	xcomp	high	First coordinated superlative predicate adjective.
7	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	14 ἀρχαιότατον	cc	high	Coordinates the two predicate adjectives.
8	ἱερῶν	ἱερόν	NOUN	N-GPN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	14 ἀρχαιότατον	obl	medium	Partitive genitive with ἀρχαιότατον: 'of shrines'.
9	ὁπόσα	ὁπόσος	PRON	A-NPN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	10 Ἀφροδίτης	nsubj	medium	Free relative/quantifying element, understood as 'as many as'; agrees with ἱερῶν in the relative construction.
10	Ἀφροδίτης	Ἀφροδίτη	PROPN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	9 ὁπόσα	nmod	medium	Genitive dependent on the understood shrines/relative phrase: shrines of Aphrodite.
11	παρʼ	παρά	ADP	P-GEN	_	12 Ἕλλησίν	case	high	With dative, locative sense 'among'.
12	Ἕλλησίν	Ἕλλην	NOUN	N-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	13 ἐστιν	obl	high	Dative complement of παρά in the phrase 'among the Greeks'.
13	ἐστιν	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Copula; the coordinated superlative predicates are predicative complements.
14	ἀρχαιότατον	ἀρχαῖος	ADJ	A-NSN-S	Case=Nom\|Degree=Superl\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	13 ἐστιν	xcomp	high	Second coordinated superlative predicate adjective.
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	13 ἐστιν	punct	high

Sentence 6

3.23.1 sentence 6

Tokens: 7
Input: 624
Output: 591
Total: 1,215

αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ θεὸς ξόανον ὡπλισμένον.

Nominal clause with an elided copula: αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ θεὸς [ἐστὶ] ξόανον ὡπλισμένον; ξόανον is treated as a predicative/appositional nominative.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	αὐτὴ	αὐτός	PRON	A-PRO-NSF	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	4 θεὸς	nsubj	high	Intensive/demonstrative pronoun agreeing with θεός.
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	4 θεὸς	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	ἡ	ὁ	DET	T-NSF	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	4 θεὸς	det	high
4	θεὸς	θεός	NOUN	N-NSF	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	0 ROOT	root	high	Feminine θεός, subject of an elliptical copular clause.
5	ξόανον	ξόανον	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	4 θεὸς	appos	medium	Predicative/appositional noun in an elliptical clause; nominative neuter.
6	ὡπλισμένον	ὁπλίζω	VERB	V-RMP-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	5 ξόανον	acl	high	Perfect passive participle modifying ξόανον.
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	4 θεὸς	punct	high

Passage 3.23.1