Grammar parses for passage 3.4.7
Open translation for this passage
Κλεομένει δὲ οὐκ ὄντων ἀρρένων παίδων ἐς Λεωνίδαν τὸν Ἀναξανδρίδου, Δωριέως δὲ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων ἀδελφόν, κατέβαινεν ἡ ἀρχή.
Κλεομένει is a dative of reference/topic; the genitive absolute οὐκ ὄντων ἀρρένων παίδων gives the condition, while ἐς Λεωνίδαν ... κατέβαινεν ἡ ἀρχή means that the kingship devolved upon Leonidas. Δωριέως ... ἀδελφόν is an appositional/parenthetic characterization of Leonidas, with ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων understood as ‘on both sides’ (from both parents).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κλεομένει | Κλεομένης | PROPN | ne-s-d-------- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 κατέβαινεν | obl | high | Dative of reference: ‘for/in the case of Cleomenes’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 18 κατέβαινεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 ὄντων | advmod | high | Negates the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | ὄντων | εἰμί | VERB | v-sppamn- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 κατέβαινεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 5 | ἀρρένων | ἄρρην | ADJ | a-p--ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 παίδων | amod | high | Agrees with παίδων. |
| 6 | παίδων | παῖς | NOUN | n-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ὄντων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r-------- | _ | 8 Λεωνίδαν | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 8 | Λεωνίδαν | Λεωνίδας | PROPN | ne-s-a-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 κατέβαινεν | obl | high | Goal/recipient of the devolution of the office. |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Ἀναξανδρίδου | det | high | Article in the proper-name apposition. |
| 10 | Ἀναξανδρίδου | Ἀναξανδρίδης | PROPN | ne-s-g-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 Λεωνίδαν | nmod | high | Patronymic genitive, ‘son of Anaxandridas’. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 κατέβαινεν | punct | high | |
| 12 | Δωριέως | Δωριεύς | PROPN | ne-s-g-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀδελφόν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἀδελφόν: ‘brother of Dorieus’. |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 16 ἀδελφόν | cc | medium | Connective in the parenthetic/appositional phrase. |
| 14 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | r-------- | _ | 15 ἀμφοτέρων | case | high | Elided preposition governing ἀμφοτέρων. |
| 15 | ἀμφοτέρων | ἀμφότερος | PRON | p-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀδελφόν | nmod | high | Genitive with ἀπό; ‘from both’. |
| 16 | ἀδελφόν | ἀδελφός | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 Λεωνίδαν | appos | medium | Accusative apposition to Λεωνίδαν; ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων specifies full sibling relationship. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀδελφόν | punct | high | |
| 18 | κατέβαινεν | καταβαίνω | VERB | v3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb, singular agreeing with ἀρχή. |
| 19 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἀρχή | det | high | |
| 20 | ἀρχή | ἀρχή | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 κατέβαινεν | nsubj | high | Subject: the office/kingship. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 κατέβαινεν | punct | high |
καὶ Ξέρξης τε τηνικαῦτα ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἤγαγε τὸν λαὸν καὶ Λεωνίδας τριακοσίοις ὁμοῦ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀπήντησεν ἐς Θερμοπύλας.
Coordinated clauses: Ξέρξης is subject of ἤγαγε, while Λεωνίδας is subject of ἀπήντησεν; τε...καί coordinates the two events. τριακοσίοις is an instrumental dative with ὁμοῦ, and Λακεδαιμονίων is a partitive genitive with the numeral.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 8 ἤγαγε | cc | high | |
| 2 | Ξέρξης | Ξέρξης | PROPN | Ne-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἤγαγε | nsubj | high | |
| 3 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 8 ἤγαγε | cc | high | First member of τε...καί coordination. |
| 4 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 ἤγαγε | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Ἑλλάδα | case | high | |
| 6 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | S-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | |
| 7 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | Ne-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἤγαγε | obl | high | |
| 8 | ἤγαγε | ἄγω | VERB | V3SAAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | S-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 λαὸν | det | high | |
| 10 | λαὸν | λαός | NOUN | Nb-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἤγαγε | obj | high | |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 16 ἀπήντησεν | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause with the first. |
| 12 | Λεωνίδας | Λεωνίδας | PROPN | Ne-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀπήντησεν | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | τριακοσίοις | τριακόσιοι | NUM | M-------- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀπήντησεν | obl | medium | Dative of accompaniment/association with ὁμοῦ; semantically ‘with three hundred’. |
| 14 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 τριακοσίοις | advmod | medium | Adverb modifying the accompanying dative phrase. |
| 15 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Ne-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 τριακοσίοις | nmod | high | Partitive/specifying genitive with τριακοσίοις. |
| 16 | ἀπήντησεν | ἀπαντάω | VERB | V3SAAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 ἤγαγε | conj | high | |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 Θερμοπύλας | case | high | |
| 18 | Θερμοπύλας | Θερμοπύλαι | PROPN | Ne-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 ἀπήντησεν | obl | high | |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἤγαγε | punct | high |
γεγόνασι μὲν δὴ πόλεμοι καὶ Ἑλλήνων πολλοὶ καὶ ἐς ἀλλήλους βαρβάρων, εὐαρίθμητοι δὲ ὁπόσους ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς μάλιστα ἀρετὴ προήγαγεν ἐς πλέον δόξης, ὡς Ἀχιλλεύς τε τὸν πρὸς Ἰλίῳ πόλεμον καὶ Μιλτιάδης τὸ Μαραθῶνι ἔργον.
The second clause is elliptical: εὐαρίθμητοι ὁπόσους ... προήγαγεν means that the cases/wars promoted chiefly by one man's excellence are few; ὡς introduces examples with an understood προήγαγεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γεγόνασι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G- | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G- | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | discourse | high | |
| 4 | πόλεμοι | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 γεγόνασι | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 Ἑλλήνων | cc | high | |
| 6 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 πόλεμοι | nmod | high | Ethnic noun used substantivally. |
| 7 | πολλοὶ | πολύς | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 πόλεμοι | amod | high | |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἀλλήλους | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 ἀλλήλους | case | high | |
| 10 | ἀλλήλους | ἀλλήλων | PRON | P-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rcp | 4 πόλεμοι | nmod | medium | Reciprocal object of an implicit relation with πόλεμοι. |
| 11 | βαρβάρων | βάρβαρος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἀλλήλους | nmod | medium | Substantivized adjective; genitive of the opposing parties. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | punct | high | |
| 13 | εὐαρίθμητοι | εὐαρίθμητος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 προήγαγεν | csubj | medium | Predicative adjective with an understood plural subject, introducing the second coordinated clause. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G- | _ | 13 εὐαρίθμητοι | cc | high | |
| 15 | ὁπόσους | ὁπόσος | PRON | P-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 20 προήγαγεν | obj | medium | Relative/quantitative accusative, likely referring to wars or exploits. |
| 16 | ἀνδρὸς | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἀρετὴ | nmod | high | |
| 17 | ἑνὸς | εἷς | NUM | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|NumType=Card|Number=Sing | 16 ἀνδρὸς | amod | high | |
| 18 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 20 προήγαγεν | advmod | high | |
| 19 | ἀρετὴ | ἀρετή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 προήγαγεν | nsubj | high | |
| 20 | προήγαγεν | προάγω | VERB | V-IAA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 13 εὐαρίθμητοι | acl:relcl | medium | Aorist active form; governs the following ἐς phrase. |
| 21 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 πλέον | case | high | |
| 22 | πλέον | πλείων | ADJ | A-ANS | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 προήγαγεν | obl | medium | Substantivized comparative, 'to greater extent'. |
| 23 | δόξης | δόξα | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 πλέον | nmod | high | |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 προήγαγεν | punct | high | |
| 25 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 προήγαγεν | mark | high | Introduces illustrative examples. |
| 26 | Ἀχιλλεύς | Ἀχιλλεύς | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 τὸν | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | τε | τε | PART | G- | _ | 26 Ἀχιλλεύς | cc | high | |
| 28 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 31 πόλεμον | det | high | |
| 29 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 30 Ἰλίῳ | case | high | |
| 30 | Ἰλίῳ | Ἴλιος | PROPN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 πόλεμον | nmod | high | Dative in the expression πόλεμος πρὸς Ἰλίῳ. |
| 31 | πόλεμον | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 προήγαγεν | obj | medium | First illustrative object; implied verb is προήγαγεν. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 33 Μιλτιάδης | cc | high | |
| 33 | Μιλτιάδης | Μιλτιάδης | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 36 ἔργον | nsubj | high | |
| 34 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 36 ἔργον | det | high | |
| 35 | Μαραθῶνι | Μαραθών | PROPN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 36 ἔργον | nmod | high | Locative dative. |
| 36 | ἔργον | ἔργον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 προήγαγεν | obj | medium | Second illustrative object; implied verb is προήγαγεν. |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | punct | high |
ἀλλὰ γὰρ τὸ Λεωνίδου κατόρθωμα ὑπερεβάλετο ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τά τε ἀνὰ χρόνον συμβάντα καὶ τὰ ἔτι πρότερον.
The main verb ὑπερεβάλετο is middle aorist, with τὸ Λεωνίδου κατόρθωμα as subject and coordinated neuter objects τά ... συμβάντα and τὰ ... πρότερον; δοκεῖν is an apparent parenthetical infinitive (‘as it seems to me’).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | CONJ | Polarity=Pos | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | cc | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | discourse | high | Explanatory postpositive conjunction; UD label convention may vary. |
| 3 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 κατόρθωμα | det | high | |
| 4 | Λεωνίδου | Λεωνίδης | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 κατόρθωμα | nmod:poss | high | Patronymic proper name in the genitive. |
| 5 | κατόρθωμα | κατόρθωμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | ὑπερεβάλετο | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle; subject is κατόρθωμα, with coordinated/comparative objects. |
| 7 | ἐμοὶ | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 8 δοκεῖν | iobj | medium | Dative of the judging person with δοκεῖν. |
| 8 | δοκεῖν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | advcl | medium | Parenthetical infinitive, ‘as it seems to me’; attachment is syntactically uncertain. |
| 9 | τά | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 συμβάντα | det | high | |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 καὶ | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 11 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | R- | _ | 12 χρόνον | case | high | |
| 12 | χρόνον | χρόνος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 συμβάντα | obl | high | Accusative duration/distribution phrase ἀνὰ χρόνον. |
| 13 | συμβάντα | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-2AAPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural aorist participle. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 πρότερον | cc | high | Coordinates the two object phrases. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 πρότερον | det | high | |
| 16 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 17 πρότερον | advmod | high | ‘Still/even earlier’; modifies πρότερον. |
| 17 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADJ | A-NPN-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural comparative, coordinated with συμβάντα; τὰ agrees substantively. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 6 ὑπερεβάλετο | punct | high |