Grammar parses for passage 4.10.3
Open translation for this passage
ὁ γὰρ Εὐφαὴς πλέον τι ἢ βασιλέα εἰκὸς ἦν προθυμούμενος καὶ ἀφειδῶς τοῖς περὶ τὸν Θεόπομπον ἐγκείμενος τραύματα τε πολλά τε καὶ οὐκ ἰάσιμα λαμβάνει·
The syntax is centered on a finite verb with two nominative participial modifiers; the comparative phrase πλέον τι ἢ βασιλέα is somewhat idiomatic, and ἦν + εἰκός functions parenthetically with the participles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Εὐφαὴς | det | high | Articular subject modifier. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | g-------- | _ | 9 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | Εὐφαὴς | Εὐφάης | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν. |
| 4 | πλέον | πολύς | ADV | d-------- | _ | 10 προθυμούμενος | advmod | medium | Used adverbially in comparison. |
| 5 | τι | τις | PRON | p-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 4 πλέον | advmod | medium | Indefinite/degree particle-like use with πλέον. |
| 6 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 7 βασιλέα | mark | high | Introduces comparison phrase. |
| 7 | βασιλέα | βασιλεύς | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 πλέον | obl | medium | Comparison standard after ἤ. |
| 8 | εἰκὸς | εἰκός | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἦν | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement with ἦν. |
| 9 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | v3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 25 λαμβάνει | aux | high | Copular auxiliary to main finite verb λάμβάνει. |
| 10 | προθυμούμενος | προθυμέομαι | VERB | v-sppmn--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 ἦν | advcl | high | Participial predication modifying subject. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 17 ἐγκείμενος | cc | high | Links participial predicates. |
| 12 | ἀφειδῶς | ἀφειδῶς | ADV | d-------- | _ | 17 ἐγκείμενος | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐγκείμενος. |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | l-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 ἐγκείμενος | det | high | Article with prepositional phrase. |
| 14 | περὶ | περί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 16 Θεόπομπον | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 15 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 Θεόπομπον | det | high | Article with proper noun. |
| 16 | Θεόπομπον | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἐγκείμενος | obl | high | Object of περί. |
| 17 | ἐγκείμενος | ἔγκειμαι | VERB | v-sppmn--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 ἦν | advcl | high | Second participial predicate. |
| 18 | τραύματα | τραῦμα | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 λαμβάνει | obj | high | Direct object of λαμβάνει. |
| 19 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 18 τραύματα | discourse | medium | Enclitic connective with τραύματα. |
| 20 | πολλά | πολύς | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 τραύματα | amod | high | Attributive modifier. |
| 21 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 20 πολλά | discourse | medium | Correlative τε in coordination. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 24 ἰάσιμα | cc | high | Coordinates adjectives. |
| 23 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | _ | 24 ἰάσιμα | advmod | high | Negation of adjective. |
| 24 | ἰάσιμα | ἰάσιμος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 τραύματα | amod | high | Attributive modifier of τραύματα. |
| 25 | λαμβάνει | λαμβάνω | VERB | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 λαμβάνει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
λιποψυχήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ πεσόντα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὀλίγον ὅμως ἐμπνέοντα ἐποιοῦντο παρʼ αὑτοὺς ἑλκύσαι σπουδήν.
The syntax is participial and somewhat compressed: the initial accusative participles describe the object αὐτόν, while the main clause ἐποιοῦντο governs the complementary infinitive ἑλκύσαι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λιποψυχήσαντα | λιποψυχέω | VERB | VPA--SMA- | Aspect=Aor|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | obj | high | Accusative participle agreeing with αὐτόν; object/predicative complement of the participial cluster. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3msa--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | obj | high | Refers to the wounded man; in apposition with participles. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 πεσόντα | cc | high | Links the coordinated participles. |
| 5 | πεσόντα | πίπτω | VERB | VPA--SMA- | Aspect=Aor|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 λιποψυχήσαντα | conj | high | Coordinated with λιποψυχήσαντα. |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Ra-NPM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Article with proper noun functioning as substantive. |
| 7 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Ne-NPM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | nsubj | high | Nominative subject of ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ὅμως | cc | high | Connects adverbial modifiers. |
| 9 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-AMS--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐμπνέοντα | advmod | medium | Likely adverbial accusative modifying ἐμπνέοντα; morphology taken as acc. masc. sg. |
| 10 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 11 ἐμπνέοντα | advmod | high | Modifies ἐμπνέοντα. |
| 11 | ἐμπνέοντα | ἐμπνέω | VERB | VPA--SMA- | Aspect=Pres|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | advcl | high | Participial clause dependent on ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 12 | ἐποιοῦντο | ποιέω | VERB | V-3IPI-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 13 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 ἑλκύσαι | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase with infinitive. |
| 14 | αὑτοὺς | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | Px3mpp--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|Reflex=Yes | 15 ἑλκύσαι | obl | medium | Reflexive pronoun in prepositional phrase; form is contracted/orthographic variant. |
| 15 | ἑλκύσαι | ἑλκύω | VERB | V-AAN | Aspect=Aor|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive dependent on ἐποιοῦντο. |
| 16 | σπουδήν | σπουδή | NOUN | N-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἑλκύσαι | obj | high | Direct object of ἑλκύσαι. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐποιοῦντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ἐπήγειρε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἥ τε ἐς τὸν Εὐφαῆ προϋπάρχουσα εὔνοια καὶ τὰ ὀνείδη τὰ μέλλοντα·
The syntax is somewhat compressed: ἥ τε ... εὔνοια and τὰ ὀνείδη τὰ μέλλοντα are best taken as coordinated subject-like phrases under ἐπήγειρε, with ἐς τὸν Εὐφαῆ modifying εὔνοια.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπήγειρε | ἐπεγείρω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 1 ἐπήγειρε | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐπήγειρε | cc | high | Links coordinated subjects. |
| 4 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Μεσσηνίους | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίους. |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἐπήγειρε | obj | high | Direct object. |
| 6 | ἥ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 εὔνοια | det | medium | Likely article with εὔνοια. |
| 7 | τε | τε | PART | PART | _ | 6 ἥ | discourse | medium | Correlative/continuative particle. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 10 Εὐφαῆ | case | high | Preposition governing Εὐφαῆ. |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Εὐφαῆ | det | high | Article with Εὐφαῆ. |
| 10 | Εὐφαῆ | Εὐφάης | PROPN | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 προϋπάρχουσα | obl | medium | Object of ἐς; exact case-form somewhat uncertain from spelling. |
| 11 | προϋπάρχουσα | προϋπάρχω | ADJ | PAP-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 εὔνοια | amod | high | Attributive participle modifying εὔνοια. |
| 12 | εὔνοια | εὔνοια | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐπήγειρε | nsubj | high | First coordinated subject. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 εὔνοια | cc | high | Coordinates the two subject phrases. |
| 14 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 ὀνείδη | det | high | Article with ὀνείδη. |
| 15 | ὀνείδη | ὄνειδος | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 εὔνοια | conj | high | Second coordinated nominal phrase; interpreted as subject-like coordinated element. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 μέλλοντα | det | high | Article with μέλλοντα. |
| 17 | μέλλοντα | μέλλω | ADJ | PAP-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ὀνείδη | amod | medium | Attributive participle modifying ὀνείδη. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπήγειρε | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
φονευομένοις τε ὑπὲρ τοῦ βασιλέως ἄμεινόν σφισιν ἐφαίνετο προΐεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς ἢ ἐκεῖνον προεμένων ἀποσωθῆναί τινα.
The sentence hinges on an impersonal evaluative construction with ἐφαίνετο + adjective + infinitival complements, plus a contrasted alternative introduced by ἤ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φονευομένοις | φονεύω | VERB | PAPDPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 8 ἐφαίνετο | advcl | high | Participial clause modifying the main verb; dative governed by ὑπέρ. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 1 φονευομένοις | cc | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 3 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | _ | _ | 1 φονευομένοις | case | high | Introduces genitive phrase. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | LGS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 βασιλέως | det | high | Article modifying βασιλέως. |
| 5 | βασιλέως | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 φονευομένοις | obl | high | Object of ὑπέρ. |
| 6 | ἄμεινόν | ἀμείνων | ADJ | A-NSN--- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | medium | Comparative predicate adjective with impersonal φαίνετο; neuter singular form likely predicative. |
| 7 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-P---D- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 8 ἐφαίνετο | iobj | high | Dative of reference/benefit with φαίνετο. |
| 8 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνω | VERB | V-IXI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main clause verb. |
| 9 | προΐεσθαι | προίημι | VERB | V-PNMN--- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 6 ἄμεινόν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive dependent on ἄμεινον. |
| 10 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | L-AP- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ψυχὰς | det | high | Article modifying ψυχὰς. |
| 11 | ψυχὰς | ψυχή | NOUN | N-AP-F--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 προΐεσθαι | obj | high | Object of προΐεσθαι. |
| 12 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 προΐεσθαι | cc | high | Marks alternative comparative clause. |
| 13 | ἐκεῖνον | ἐκεῖνος | PRON | P-3ASM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 15 ἀποσωθῆναί | obj | high | Object of προεμένων. |
| 14 | προεμένων | προίημι | VERB | V-PAPGMP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἀποσωθῆναί | advcl | medium | Genitive participial clause; syntax somewhat compressed, but participle is likely adverbial. |
| 15 | ἀποσωθῆναί | ἀποσῴζω | VERB | V-APN--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 6 ἄμεινόν | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement in the alternative clause. |
| 16 | τινα | τις | PRON | P-NSM-? | Case=Acc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 15 ἀποσωθῆναί | obj | medium | Indefinite pronoun; form could be nominative/accusative in context, but accusative fits infinitive. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |