Grammar parses for passage 4.11.3
Open translation for this passage
αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ Δᾶμις ὑπέμενον ἔχοντες τοὺς ψιλούς, σφενδονήτας μὲν ἢ τοξότας ὀλίγους, ὁ δὲ ὄχλος ὁ πολὺς τοῖς τε σώμασιν ἦσαν ἐς τὰς ἐπιδρομὰς καὶ ἀναχωρήσεις ἐπιτήδειοι καὶ τῇ ὁπλίσει κοῦφοι·
The coordination is syntactically dense: αὐτὸς ... ὑπέμενον has a coordinated subject with Δᾶμις; ἔχοντες governs τοὺς ψιλούς. The later ὄχλος clause has plural agreement (ἦσαν, ἐπιτήδειοι, κοῦφοι) by constructional agreement with the collective noun; τοῖς σώμασιν and τῇ ὁπλίσει are instrumental/dative complements.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 6 ὑπέμενον | nsubj | high | Intensive pronoun, subject of ὑπέμενον. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ὑπέμενον | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 Δᾶμις | cc | high | Coordinates Δᾶμις with αὐτός. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Δᾶμις | det | high | |
| 5 | Δᾶμις | Δᾶμις | PROPN | Ne-SM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ὑπέμενον | nsubj | high | Proper-name subject coordinated with αὐτός. |
| 6 | ὑπέμενον | ὑπομένω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ἔχοντες | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ὑπέμενον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, subject-controlled. |
| 8 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 ψιλούς | det | high | |
| 9 | ψιλούς | ψιλός | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἔχοντες | obj | high | Substantivized adjective, light-armed troops. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἔχοντες | punct | high | |
| 11 | σφενδονήτας | σφενδονήτης | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ψιλούς | appos | high | Apposition specifying the ψιλοί. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 11 σφενδονήτας | discourse | high | Correlative contrast completed by δέ at token 18. |
| 13 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 τοξότας | cc | high | |
| 14 | τοξότας | τοξότης | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 σφενδονήτας | conj | high | Alternative appositional specification. |
| 15 | ὀλίγους | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 σφενδονήτας | amod | high | Modifies the coordinated troop nouns. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 σφενδονήτας | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 ὄχλος | det | high | |
| 18 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 ὄχλος | cc | high | Contrasts the numerous crowd with the few light troops. |
| 19 | ὄχλος | ὄχλος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Collective subject; plural predicate agreement follows. |
| 20 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 πολὺς | det | high | |
| 21 | πολὺς | πολύς | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ὄχλος | amod | high | Agrees with ὄχλος. |
| 22 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 σώμασιν | det | high | |
| 23 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 σώμασιν | cc | high | Correlative/additive particle. |
| 24 | σώμασιν | σῶμα | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 31 ἐπιτήδειοι | obl | medium | Dative of respect or means: suitable in bodily build. |
| 25 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Second coordinated predicate; plural agreement with collective subject. Sentence punctuation leaves coordination as a compound root. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 28 ἐπιδρομὰς | case | high | |
| 27 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 ἐπιδρομὰς | det | high | |
| 28 | ἐπιδρομὰς | ἐπιδρομή | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 31 ἐπιτήδειοι | obl | high | Object of ἐς, within the adjective complement. |
| 29 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 30 ἀναχωρήσεις | cc | high | |
| 30 | ἀναχωρήσεις | ἀναχώρησις | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 28 ἐπιδρομὰς | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐπιδρομάς. |
| 31 | ἐπιτήδειοι | ἐπιτήδειος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἦσαν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective, with ἐς phrase complement. |
| 32 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 35 κοῦφοι | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate adjective. |
| 33 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 34 ὁπλίσει | det | high | |
| 34 | ὁπλίσει | ὅπλισις | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 κοῦφοι | obl | high | Dative of respect or means. |
| 35 | κοῦφοι | κοῦφος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἦσαν | conj | high | Second predicate adjective coordinated with ἐπιτήδειοι. |
| 36 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἦσαν | punct | high |
θώρακα γὰρ ἢ ἀσπίδα εἶχεν οὐχ ἕκαστος, ὅσοι δὲ ἠπόρουν τούτων, περιεβέβληντο αἰγῶν νάκας καὶ προβάτων, οἱ δὲ καὶ θηρίων δέρματα καὶ μάλιστα οἱ ὀρεινοὶ τῶν Ἀρκάδων λύκων τε καὶ ἄρκτων.
The first clause has fronted coordinated objects θώρακα ἢ ἀσπίδα with εἶχεν and subject ἕκαστος. The relative clause supplies an implicit subject for περιεβέβληντο; τούτων is a partitive/genitive reference to the armor. The final οἱ ... ὀρεινοὶ is an additional coordinated subject, with omitted περιεβέβληντο understood; λύκων τε καὶ ἄρκτων depends on δέρματα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θώρακα | θώραξ | NOUN | N-AMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 εἶχεν | obj | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 εἶχεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἀσπίδα | cc | high | Coordinates the alternative object. |
| 4 | ἀσπίδα | ἀσπίς | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 εἶχεν | obj | high | |
| 5 | εἶχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 5 εἶχεν | advmod | high | |
| 7 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | PRON | P-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 εἶχεν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἶχεν | punct | high | |
| 9 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | P-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἠπόρουν | nsubj | high | Relative subject, with ἠπόρουν meaning ‘were without/lacked’. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἠπόρουν | cc | high | |
| 11 | ἠπόρουν | ἀπορέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 5 εἶχεν | advcl | high | Relative-clause predicate. |
| 12 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἠπόρουν | obl | medium | Genitive of deprivation/reference; antecedent is the armor items. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἠπόρουν | punct | high | |
| 14 | περιεβέβληντο | περιβάλλω | VERB | V-LPI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pluperfect|Voice=Middle | 11 ἠπόρουν | conj | high | Middle pluperfect, ‘had wrapped themselves in/were clad in’; coordinated with ἠπόρουν and sharing the relative subject. |
| 15 | αἰγῶν | αἴξ | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 νάκας | nmod | high | |
| 16 | νάκας | νάκη | NOUN | N-AFP | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 περιεβέβληντο | obl | high | Accusative object/extent of clothing with περιβάλλομαι. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 προβάτων | cc | high | |
| 18 | προβάτων | πρόβατον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 νάκας | nmod | high | |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 περιεβέβληντο | punct | high | |
| 20 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | det | high | Article substantivizing ὀρεινοί. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | cc | high | Marks the additional coordinated group. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 δέρματα | cc | high | Coordinates δέρματα with the preceding νάκας. |
| 23 | θηρίων | θηρίον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 δέρματα | nmod | high | |
| 24 | δέρματα | δέρμα | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 περιεβέβληντο | obj | high | Second coordinated accusative clothing object; περιεβέβληντο is understood. |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | cc | high | Coordinates the final substantival subject phrase. |
| 26 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV | Degree=Sup | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | advmod | high | |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | det | high | Article substantivizing ὀρεινοί. |
| 28 | ὀρεινοὶ | ὀρεινός | ADJ | A-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 περιεβέβληντο | nsubj | high | Substantival subject of the understood περιεβέβληντο. |
| 29 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 Ἀρκάδων | det | high | |
| 30 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ὀρεινοὶ | nmod | high | Genitive specifying the mountain-dwellers. |
| 31 | λύκων | λύκος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 34 ἄρκτων | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on δέρματα; the phrase means skins of wolves and bears. |
| 32 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 λύκων | cc | high | |
| 33 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 34 ἄρκτων | cc | high | |
| 34 | ἄρκτων | ἄρκτος | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 δέρματα | nmod | high | Second coordinated genitive dependent on δέρματα. |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἶχεν | punct | high |