Grammar parses for passage 4.11.4
Open translation for this passage
ἀκόντια δὲ ἕκαστος πολλά, οἱ δὲ καὶ λόγχας αὐτῶν ἔφερον.
The first nominal group is elliptical: ἀκόντια πολλά is an accusative object and ἕκαστος its singular subject under an understood verb, while οἱ δὲ καὶ λόγχας αὐτῶν ἔφερον supplies the overt plural predicate.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀκόντια | ἀκόντιον | NOUN | Nb-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἕκαστος | obj | medium | Elliptical first clause: ‘each [had/carried] many javelins’; accusative object with omitted verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 11 ἔφερον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἕκαστος | ἕκαστος | PRON | Px---mn-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἔφερον | nsubj | medium | Subject of the understood verb in the first elliptical clause; syntactically also coordinated with the following clause. |
| 4 | πολλά | πολύς | ADJ | A-----na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 ἀκόντια | amod | high | Adjectival modifier agreeing with ἀκόντια. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἔφερον | punct | high | |
| 6 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | S---mn-p | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἔφερον | nsubj | high | Substantivized article: ‘some/them’; subject of ἔφερον. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 11 ἔφερον | cc | high | Postpositive contrastive connective. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | ADV | -------- | _ | 9 λόγχας | advmod | high | Additive adverb, ‘also’. |
| 9 | λόγχας | λόγχη | NOUN | Nb-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 ἔφερον | obj | high | Direct object of ἔφερον. |
| 10 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3---g-p | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 9 λόγχας | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on λόγχας, likely ‘their spears’; antecedent is the substantivized οἱ. |
| 11 | ἔφερον | φέρω | VERB | V3pIAAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate; first clause has an ellipsis of this or a semantically similar verb. |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἔφερον | punct | high |
καὶ οὗτοι μὲν ἐλόχων τῆς Ἰθώμης ἔνθα ἔμελλον ἥκιστα ἔσεσθαι σύνοπτοι·
The clause headed by ἔνθα specifies where they would be least visible; ἔμελλον governs the complementary infinitive ἔσεσθαι, with σύνοπτοι as its predicate adjective.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 ἐλόχων | cc | high | |
| 2 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PDNPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἐλόχων | nsubj | high | Demonstrative pronoun used substantivally. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 4 ἐλόχων | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; corresponding δέ is outside this sentence. |
| 4 | ἐλόχων | λοχάω | VERB | V3IAPI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperfect form; context supports a finite plural verb, but lexical analysis of ἐλόχων is somewhat uncertain. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | DAFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 Ἰθώμης | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἰθώμης | Ἰθώμη | PROPN | NE-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐλόχων | obl | high | Genitive of place/area associated with the ambush or concealment. |
| 7 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | D | _ | 10 ἔσεσθαι | advmod | high | Locative adverb introducing the relative-like clause. |
| 8 | ἔμελλον | μέλλω | VERB | V3IAPI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 10 ἔσεσθαι | csubj | medium | Imperfect plural; governs the complementary infinitive ἔσεσθαι. |
| 9 | ἥκιστα | ἥκιστα | ADV | D | _ | 11 σύνοπτοι | advmod | high | Superlative adverb, modifying σύνοπτοι. |
| 10 | ἔσεσθαι | εἰμί | AUX | V—PMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 ἐλόχων | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἔμελλον; its understood subject is οὗτοι. |
| 11 | σύνοπτοι | σύνοπτος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἔσεσθαι | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with infinitival εἶναι understood; nominative reflects the infinitive's controlled subject. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐλόχων | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ ὁπλῖται τῶν Μεσσηνίων καὶ συμμάχων τήν τε ἔφοδον τὴν πρώτην τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ὑπέμειναν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἦσαν ἤδη καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀνδρεῖοι.
The subject οἱ ὁπλῖται governs both ὑπέμειναν and ἦσαν; τήν τε ἔφοδον ... τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων is the object of ὑπέμειναν, while μετὰ τοῦτο is temporal. The final καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀνδρεῖοι means ‘also brave in other respects’; ἄλλα is substantivized/neuter adverbial accusative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T---NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 ὁπλῖται | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 ὑπέμειναν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁπλῖται | ὁπλίτης | NOUN | N---NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ὑπέμειναν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὁπλῖται | nmod | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 συμμάχων | cc | high | |
| 7 | συμμάχων | σύμμαχος | NOUN | N---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὁπλῖται | nmod | high | Coordinated genitive with Μεσσηνίων. |
| 8 | τήν | ὁ | DET | T---AFA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ἔφοδον | det | high | |
| 9 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἔφοδον | cc | high | Correlative τε with καί at token 16. |
| 10 | ἔφοδον | ἔφοδος | NOUN | N---AFA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ὑπέμειναν | obj | high | |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T---AFA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 πρώτην | det | high | |
| 12 | πρώτην | πρῶτος | ADJ | A---AFA- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|NumType=Ord|Number=Sing | 10 ἔφοδον | amod | high | Attributive adjective in repeated article-noun phrase. |
| 13 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λακεδαιμονίων | det | high | |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἔφοδον | nmod | high | Ethnic name used substantivally; genitive dependent on ἔφοδον. |
| 15 | ὑπέμειναν | ὑπομένω | VERB | V---IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist-form ambiguity is absent here: lexical form is imperfect indicative active. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 ἦσαν | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite predicate with ὑπέμειναν. |
| 17 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 τοῦτο | case | high | Temporal μετά with accusative. |
| 18 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | P---ANS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 19 ἦσαν | obl | high | Accusative object of temporal μετά. |
| 19 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | VERB | V---IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 15 ὑπέμειναν | conj | high | Imperfect of εἰμί; predicate adjective follows. |
| 20 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 19 ἦσαν | advmod | high | |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 ἀνδρεῖοι | cc | medium | Correlative with τε at token 9, or additive emphasis with τὰ ἄλλα. |
| 22 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T---NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 23 ἄλλα | det | high | Article in substantivized phrase τὰ ἄλλα. |
| 23 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A---NPN- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἀνδρεῖοι | obl | medium | Form is nominative/accusative neuter plural; analyzed as substantivized predicate-related phrase, with possible adverbial accusative interpretation. |
| 24 | ἀνδρεῖοι | ἀνδρεῖος | ADJ | A---NPM- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἦσαν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective agreeing with subject ὁπλῖται. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ὑπέμειναν | punct | high |
ἀριθμῷ μὲν δὴ τῶν ἐναντίων ἀπελείποντο, λογάδες δὲ ὄντες ἐμάχοντο πρὸς δῆμον καὶ οὐχ ὁμοίως πρὸς κρείττους, ᾗ καὶ μᾶλλον τῇ τε ἄλλῃ προθυμίᾳ καὶ ταῖς ἐμπειρίαις ἐπὶ πολὺ ἀντεῖχον.
The subject is implicit plural; ἀριθμῷ ... ἀπελείποντο gives the respect in which they were inferior, while ᾗ introduces the resulting comparative circumstance. κρείττους is substantivized and governed by πρός; ἐπὶ πολὺ modifies ἀντεῖχον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀριθμῷ | ἀριθμός | NOUN | N-dat-s | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἀπελείποντο | obl | high | Dative of respect: inferior in number. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Prt | _ | 6 ἀπελείποντο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Prt | _ | 6 ἀπελείποντο | discourse | high | |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-art-gpn | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἐναντίων | det | high | |
| 5 | ἐναντίων | ἐναντίος | ADJ | A-gpn | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 ἀριθμῷ | nmod | high | Substantivized: the opponents. |
| 6 | ἀπελείποντο | ἀπολείπω | VERB | V-impf-mid-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Implicit plural subject. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀπελείποντο | punct | high | |
| 8 | λογάδες | λογάς | ADJ | A-nmp | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐμάχοντο | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective, ‘picked/elite’; subject is implicit. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 11 ἐμάχοντο | cc | high | |
| 10 | ὄντες | εἰμί | AUX | V-pres-act-ptcp-nmp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 ἐμάχοντο | advcl | high | Concessive/circumstantial participle. |
| 11 | ἐμάχοντο | μάχομαι | VERB | V-impf-mid-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 6 ἀπελείποντο | conj | high | Coordinate verb to ἀπελείποντο. |
| 12 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P | _ | 13 δῆμον | case | high | |
| 13 | δῆμον | δῆμος | NOUN | N-acc-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐμάχοντο | obl | high | Opponent introduced by πρός. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 16 ὁμοίως | cc | high | Coordinates the second adverbial phrase. |
| 15 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | Prt-Neg | Polarity=Neg | 16 ὁμοίως | advmod | high | |
| 16 | ὁμοίως | ὁμοίως | ADV | D | _ | 11 ἐμάχοντο | advmod | high | ‘Not similarly’ modifies fighting. |
| 17 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P | _ | 18 κρείττους | case | high | |
| 18 | κρείττους | κρείσσων | ADJ | A-amp | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ὁμοίως | obl | high | Substantivized comparative: stronger opponents. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐμάχοντο | punct | high | |
| 20 | ᾗ | ᾗ | ADV | D-rel | _ | 32 ἀντεῖχον | advmod | medium | Relative adverb, ‘whereby/insofar as’; may be analyzed as an instrumental relative. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 22 μᾶλλον | advmod | high | Intensifying καί with μᾶλλον. |
| 22 | μᾶλλον | μάλα | ADV | D-Cmp | Degree=Cmp | 32 ἀντεῖχον | advmod | high | |
| 23 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-art-fds | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 προθυμίᾳ | det | high | |
| 24 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 26 προθυμίᾳ | cc | high | Correlative τε with καί. |
| 25 | ἄλλῃ | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-fds | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 προθυμίᾳ | amod | high | |
| 26 | προθυμίᾳ | προθυμία | NOUN | N-dat-s | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 ἀντεῖχον | obl | high | Dative of means or respect. |
| 27 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 29 ἐμπειρίαις | cc | high | Coordinates the second instrumental dative. |
| 28 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-art-fdp | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 29 ἐμπειρίαις | det | high | |
| 29 | ἐμπειρίαις | ἐμπειρία | NOUN | N-dat-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 32 ἀντεῖχον | obl | high | Dative of means or respect. |
| 30 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 31 πολὺ | case | high | With accusative in the idiom ἐπὶ πολύ. |
| 31 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | A-ans | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 32 ἀντεῖχον | obl | high | Adverbial accusative in ἐπὶ πολύ, ‘for a long time/to a great extent’. |
| 32 | ἀντεῖχον | ἀντέχω | VERB | V-impf-act-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 11 ἐμάχοντο | conj | high | Coordinate/resulting verb; subject remains implicit. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀπελείποντο | punct | high |