Grammar parses for passage 4.11.5
Open translation for this passage
ἐνταῦθα καὶ ὁ στρατὸς τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὁ εὔζωνος, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τούτοις ἤρθη τὰ σημεῖα, ἐχρῶντο ἐπὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους δρόμῳ καὶ περιστάντες ἠκόντιζον ἐς τὰ πλάγια·
Main predicate ἐχρῶντο takes the army as subject; ἀφʼ οὗ introduces a relative temporal/source clause with ἤρθη, while περιστάντες is a coordinated circumstantial participle modifying the implicit subject of ἠκόντιζον. The exact semantic force of δρόμῳ is somewhat uncertain (instrumental manner).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D-- | PronType=Dem | 18 ἐχρῶντο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | cc | high | Connects this clause with preceding discourse. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 στρατὸς | det | high | |
| 4 | στρατὸς | στρατός | NOUN | N-S---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S---GP---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--GP---M- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 στρατὸς | nmod | high | |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 εὔζωνος | det | high | |
| 8 | εὔζωνος | εὔζωνος | ADJ | A--SΝM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 στρατὸς | amod | medium | Second article-adjective phrase in apposition or restrictive modification to στρατός. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 στρατὸς | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἀφʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 οὗ | case | high | Elided form ἀφʼ before relative pronoun. |
| 11 | οὗ | ὅς | PRON | P---GM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 14 ἤρθη | obl | medium | Relative temporal/source complement of ἤρθη; antecedent is implicit or contextual. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἤρθη | cc | high | |
| 13 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | P---MD--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 14 ἤρθη | iobj | medium | Dative beneficiary/affected party with ἤρθη. |
| 14 | ἤρθη | αἴρω | VERB | V3SAPI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 18 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Passive ‘were raised’; subject τὰ σημεῖα follows. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S---NA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 σημεῖα | det | high | |
| 16 | σημεῖα | σημεῖον | NOUN | N-----NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ἤρθη | nsubj:pass | high | Postposed nominative subject of passive ἤρθη. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high | |
| 18 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | V3PIIM---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Deponent/middle verb, ‘they employed/used’; subject στρατός is grammatically singular collective but verb is plural by constructio ad sensum. |
| 19 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | With accusative, marks target or direction of attack. |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S---AP---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | |
| 21 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A--AP---M- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Object/target phrase governed by ἐπί. |
| 22 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | N-----MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐχρῶντο | obl | medium | Dative of manner or means: ‘at a run’/‘with a charge’. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 25 ἠκόντιζον | cc | high | Coordinates ἐχρῶντο and ἠκόντιζον. |
| 24 | περιστάντες | περιίστημι | VERB | V-AAP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ἠκόντιζον | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle, ‘having surrounded/positioned themselves around’. |
| 25 | ἠκόντιζον | ἀκοντίζω | VERB | V3PIIA---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 18 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb, sharing the subject of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 28 πλάγια | case | high | |
| 27 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S---AP---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 πλάγια | det | high | |
| 28 | πλάγια | πλάγιος | NOUN | A--APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 ἠκόντιζον | obl | high | Substantivized neuter plural adjective, ‘the flanks/sides’. |
| 29 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high |
ὅσοις δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον μετῆν τόλμης, προσέθεόν τε καὶ ἔτυπτον ἐκ χειρός.
The relative clause with ὅσοις and impersonal μετῆν sets the condition/background; προσέθεόν and ἔτυπτον are coordinated imperfects with an implicit plural subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅσοις | ὅσος | PRON | r- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 μετῆν | obl | high | Dative relative pronoun, with μετῆν; antecedent is implicit persons. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 12 ἔτυπτον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | d-------- | _ | 4 ἐπὶ | advmod | high | Adverbial καί modifying the prepositional phrase. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 5 πλέον | case | high | Preposition governing πλέον. |
| 5 | πλέον | πλείων | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 μετῆν | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter accusative comparative in the idiom ἐπὶ πλέον. |
| 6 | μετῆν | μέτειμι | VERB | v3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἔτυπτον | advcl | high | Impersonal imperfect: 'there was/they had'; governs genitive τόλμης. |
| 7 | τόλμης | τόλμη | NOUN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 μετῆν | obl | high | Genitive of possession or partitive relation with μετῆν. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 μετῆν | punct | high | |
| 9 | προσέθεόν | προσθέω | VERB | v3piia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἔτυπτον | conj | medium | Imperfect plural; coordinated with ἔτυπτον and subject is implicit. |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 9 προσέθεόν | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 12 ἔτυπτον | cc | high | Second member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 12 | ἔτυπτον | τύπτω | VERB | v3piia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb; coordinated action with προσέθεόν. |
| 13 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | r-------- | _ | 14 χειρός | case | high | Preposition governing χειρός. |
| 14 | χειρός | χείρ | NOUN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἔτυπτον | obl | high | Genitive of means/source in ἐκ χειρός, 'with the hand'. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἔτυπτον | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, κίνδυνόν σφισι δεύτερον ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ οὕτως ἀνέλπιστον ὁρῶντες παρόντα, ὅμως οὔτε ἐταράχθησαν ἐπιστρεφόμενοί τε ἐς τοὺς ψιλοὺς ἀμύνεσθαι μὲν ἐπειρῶντο,
The participial phrase κίνδυνον ... ὁρῶντες is subordinate to the main clause; ἐπιστρεφόμενοί τε ... ἐπειρῶντο forms the second coordinated predicate, with ἐς τοὺς ψιλούς governing the substantivized adjective.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | article-nom-masc-pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 3 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | noun-nom-masc-pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἐταράχθησαν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | punct | high | |
| 5 | κίνδυνόν | κίνδυνος | NOUN | noun-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ὁρῶντες | obj | high | Object of ὁρῶντες. |
| 6 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | pron-dat-pl | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 5 κίνδυνόν | nmod | medium | Possessive/ethical dative with κίνδυνον. |
| 7 | δεύτερον | δεύτερος | ADJ | adj-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 κίνδυνόν | amod | high | |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | prep-dat | _ | 10 αὐτῷ | case | high | |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | article-dat-neut-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 αὐτῷ | det | high | |
| 10 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | pron-dat-neut-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 κίνδυνόν | obl | medium | Substantival phrase ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ, ‘in the same [circumstance/place]’. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | conj | _ | 13 ἀνέλπιστον | cc | high | |
| 12 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | adv | _ | 13 ἀνέλπιστον | advmod | high | |
| 13 | ἀνέλπιστον | ἀνέλπιστος | ADJ | adj-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 κίνδυνόν | amod | high | Predicative/object-oriented adjective agreeing with κίνδυνον. |
| 14 | ὁρῶντες | ὁράω | VERB | pres-act-part-nom-masc-pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 ἐταράχθησαν | advcl | high | |
| 15 | παρόντα | πάρειμι | VERB | pres-act-part-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 κίνδυνόν | acl | medium | Participle agreeing with κίνδυνον; ‘present/at hand’. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ὁρῶντες | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | adv | _ | 19 ἐταράχθησαν | advmod | high | |
| 18 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | conj | _ | 19 ἐταράχθησαν | cc | high | First member of οὔτε ... τε coordination. |
| 19 | ἐταράχθησαν | ταράσσω | VERB | aor-pass-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 20 | ἐπιστρεφόμενοί | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | pres-mid-part-nom-masc-pl | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 27 ἐπειρῶντο | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle with subject Λακεδαιμόνιοι; context permits ‘turning back/around’. |
| 21 | τε | τε | CCONJ | conj | _ | 27 ἐπειρῶντο | cc | high | Second member paired with οὔτε. |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | prep-acc | _ | 24 ψιλοὺς | case | high | |
| 23 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-masc-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ψιλοὺς | det | high | |
| 24 | ψιλοὺς | ψιλός | NOUN | noun-acc-masc-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἀμύνεσθαι | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘light-armed troops’. |
| 25 | ἀμύνεσθαι | ἀμύνω | VERB | pres-mid-inf | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 27 ἐπειρῶντο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with ἐπειρῶντο. |
| 26 | μὲν | μέν | PART | part | _ | 25 ἀμύνεσθαι | advmod | medium | Correlative particle, likely anticipating an omitted or later δέ. |
| 27 | ἐπειρῶντο | πειράω | VERB | imperf-mid-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 19 ἐταράχθησαν | conj | high | Coordinated predicate with ἐταράχθησαν; τε links this clause to οὔτε. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ἐπειρῶντο | punct | high |
διὰ δὲ τὴν κουφότητα οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀποφευγόντων ἀπορία τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτῆς ἤδη καὶ ὀργὴ γίνεται.
Genitive absolute ἀποφευγόντων (with οὐ χαλεπῶς) is the circumstance clause: because they escaped easily, ἀπορία becomes for the Lacedaemonians, and from this also anger arises. The exact scope of ἀπʼ αὐτῆς is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 4 κουφότητα | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 ἀπορία | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 κουφότητα | det | high | |
| 4 | κουφότητα | κουφότης | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀποφευγόντων | obl | high | Cause with διά + accusative. |
| 5 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 6 χαλεπῶς | advmod | high | |
| 6 | χαλεπῶς | χαλεπῶς | ADV | D-A | _ | 7 ἀποφευγόντων | advmod | high | |
| 7 | ἀποφευγόντων | ἀποφεύγω | VERB | V-PAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀπορία | advcl | high | Genitive absolute; subject is implicit/elliptical. |
| 8 | ἀπορία | ἀπορία | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 γίνεται | nsubj | high | Subject of γίνεται. |
| 9 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 Λακεδαιμονίοις | det | high | |
| 10 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀπορία | iobj | high | Dative of the persons affected/experiencing the ἀπορία. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ὀργὴ | cc | high | Coordinates ἀπορία and ὀργή. |
| 12 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 13 αὐτῆς | case | high | Elided form of ἀπό. |
| 13 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 16 ὀργὴ | obl | medium | Likely refers to the preceding situation/circumstance or ἀπορία; αὐτῆς is genitive after ἀπό. |
| 14 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-A | _ | 17 γίνεται | advmod | high | |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ὀργὴ | advmod | high | Adverbial καί, ‘also’. |
| 16 | ὀργὴ | ὀργή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 γίνεται | conj | high | Coordinated with ἀπορία. |
| 17 | γίνεται | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 γίνεται | punct | high |