Grammar parses for passage 4.11.5
Open translation for this passage
ἐνταῦθα καὶ ὁ στρατὸς τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὁ εὔζωνος, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τούτοις ἤρθη τὰ σημεῖα, ἐχρῶντο ἐπὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους δρόμῳ καὶ περιστάντες ἠκόντιζον ἐς τὰ πλάγια·
Main predicate ἐχρῶντο takes the army as subject; ἀφʼ οὗ introduces a relative temporal/source clause with ἤρθη, while περιστάντες is a coordinated circumstantial participle modifying the implicit subject of ἠκόντιζον. The exact semantic force of δρόμῳ is somewhat uncertain (instrumental manner).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D-- | PronType=Dem | 18 ἐχρῶντο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | cc | high | Connects this clause with preceding discourse. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 στρατὸς | det | high | |
| 4 | στρατὸς | στρατός | NOUN | N-S---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S---GP---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--GP---M- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 στρατὸς | nmod | high | |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 εὔζωνος | det | high | |
| 8 | εὔζωνος | εὔζωνος | ADJ | A--SΝM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 στρατὸς | amod | medium | Second article-adjective phrase in apposition or restrictive modification to στρατός. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 στρατὸς | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἀφʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 οὗ | case | high | Elided form ἀφʼ before relative pronoun. |
| 11 | οὗ | ὅς | PRON | P---GM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 14 ἤρθη | obl | medium | Relative temporal/source complement of ἤρθη; antecedent is implicit or contextual. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἤρθη | cc | high | |
| 13 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | P---MD--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 14 ἤρθη | iobj | medium | Dative beneficiary/affected party with ἤρθη. |
| 14 | ἤρθη | αἴρω | VERB | V3SAPI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 18 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Passive ‘were raised’; subject τὰ σημεῖα follows. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S---NA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 σημεῖα | det | high | |
| 16 | σημεῖα | σημεῖον | NOUN | N-----NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ἤρθη | nsubj:pass | high | Postposed nominative subject of passive ἤρθη. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high | |
| 18 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | V3PIIM---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Deponent/middle verb, ‘they employed/used’; subject στρατός is grammatically singular collective but verb is plural by constructio ad sensum. |
| 19 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | With accusative, marks target or direction of attack. |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S---AP---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | |
| 21 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A--AP---M- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Object/target phrase governed by ἐπί. |
| 22 | δρόμῳ | δρόμος | NOUN | N-----MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐχρῶντο | obl | medium | Dative of manner or means: ‘at a run’/‘with a charge’. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 25 ἠκόντιζον | cc | high | Coordinates ἐχρῶντο and ἠκόντιζον. |
| 24 | περιστάντες | περιίστημι | VERB | V-AAP-NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ἠκόντιζον | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle, ‘having surrounded/positioned themselves around’. |
| 25 | ἠκόντιζον | ἀκοντίζω | VERB | V3PIIA---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 18 ἐχρῶντο | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb, sharing the subject of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 28 πλάγια | case | high | |
| 27 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S---AP---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 πλάγια | det | high | |
| 28 | πλάγια | πλάγιος | NOUN | A--APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 ἠκόντιζον | obl | high | Substantivized neuter plural adjective, ‘the flanks/sides’. |
| 29 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 18 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high |
διὰ δὲ τὴν κουφότητα οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀποφευγόντων ἀπορία τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτῆς ἤδη καὶ ὀργὴ γίνεται.
Genitive absolute ἀποφευγόντων (with οὐ χαλεπῶς) is the circumstance clause: because they escaped easily, ἀπορία becomes for the Lacedaemonians, and from this also anger arises. The exact scope of ἀπʼ αὐτῆς is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 4 κουφότητα | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 ἀπορία | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 κουφότητα | det | high | |
| 4 | κουφότητα | κουφότης | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀποφευγόντων | obl | high | Cause with διά + accusative. |
| 5 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 6 χαλεπῶς | advmod | high | |
| 6 | χαλεπῶς | χαλεπῶς | ADV | D-A | _ | 7 ἀποφευγόντων | advmod | high | |
| 7 | ἀποφευγόντων | ἀποφεύγω | VERB | V-PAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀπορία | advcl | high | Genitive absolute; subject is implicit/elliptical. |
| 8 | ἀπορία | ἀπορία | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 γίνεται | nsubj | high | Subject of γίνεται. |
| 9 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 Λακεδαιμονίοις | det | high | |
| 10 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀπορία | iobj | high | Dative of the persons affected/experiencing the ἀπορία. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ὀργὴ | cc | high | Coordinates ἀπορία and ὀργή. |
| 12 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 13 αὐτῆς | case | high | Elided form of ἀπό. |
| 13 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 16 ὀργὴ | obl | medium | Likely refers to the preceding situation/circumstance or ἀπορία; αὐτῆς is genitive after ἀπό. |
| 14 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-A | _ | 17 γίνεται | advmod | high | |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ὀργὴ | advmod | high | Adverbial καί, ‘also’. |
| 16 | ὀργὴ | ὀργή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 γίνεται | conj | high | Coordinated with ἀπορία. |
| 17 | γίνεται | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 γίνεται | punct | high |