Grammar parses for passage 4.11.6
Open translation for this passage
πεφύκασι δέ πως οἱ ἄνθρωποι μάλιστα ἔχειν ἀκρατῶς πρὸς τὰ παρʼ ἀξίαν·
The impersonal πεφύκασι takes an infinitival complement ἔχειν; ἄνθρωποι is the nominative subject of πεφύκασι, while τὰ παρʼ ἀξίαν is governed by πρὸς. The construction is somewhat elliptical, so the attachment of the adverbial modifiers is annotated conservatively.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πεφύκασι | φύω | VERB | V-Perf;Act;Ind;3Pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect active, lexicalized as ‘be naturally disposed’; governs the infinitive ἔχειν. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 πεφύκασι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | πως | πως | ADV | ADV | _ | 1 πεφύκασι | advmod | high | Indefinite/modifying adverb, ‘somehow’. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-Art-Nom-Plur-Masc | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἄνθρωποι | det | high | |
| 5 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-Nom;Plur;Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 πεφύκασι | nsubj | high | Nominative subject of πεφύκασι. |
| 6 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV-Sup | Degree=Sup | 7 ἔχειν | advmod | medium | Superlative adverb modifying ἔχειν, possibly with broad scope over the predicate. |
| 7 | ἔχειν | ἔχω | VERB | V-Pres;Act;Inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 πεφύκασι | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of πεφύκασι. |
| 8 | ἀκρατῶς | ἀκρατής | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 ἔχειν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἔχειν, ‘without restraint’. |
| 9 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 ἀξίαν | case | high | Preposition governing τὰ παρʼ ἀξίαν. |
| 10 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-Art-Acc-Plur-Neut | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἀξίαν | det | high | Article substantivizing the neuter adjective phrase. |
| 11 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 ἀξίαν | case | high | Crasis/elision of παρά; governs ἀξίαν. |
| 12 | ἀξίαν | ἄξιος | ADJ | A-Acc;Sing;Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἔχειν | obl | low | Form is feminine singular accusative, but the phrase τὰ παρʼ ἀξίαν is syntactically elliptical/irregular; attachment to ἔχειν is conservative. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 πεφύκασι | punct | high |
καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε οἵ τε ἤδη τραύματα τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν εἰληφότες καὶ ὅσοι κειμένων τῶν παραστατῶν ἐγίνοντο πρὸς τὴν ἔφοδον τῶν ψιλῶν πρῶτοι προεξέθεόν τε, ὁπότε ἴδοιεν ἐπιφερομένους τοὺς ψιλούς, καὶ ὑπὸ θυμοῦ μακροτέρας τὰς διώξεις ἐποιοῦντο ἀποχωρούντων.
Complex coordination: οἵ ... εἰληφότες and ὅσοι ... ἐγίνοντο are coordinated subjects of προεξέθεον; ὁπότε introduces an iterative temporal subordinate clause, while ἀποχωρούντων is a genitive absolute.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 προεξέθεόν | cc | high | |
| 2 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 24 προεξέθεόν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CCONJ | _ | 4 τότε | cc | high | |
| 4 | τότε | τότε | ADV | ADV | PronType=Dem | 24 προεξέθεόν | advmod | high | |
| 5 | οἵ | ὅς | PRON | P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 11 εἰληφότες | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun substantivized. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 οἵ | cc | high | |
| 7 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 11 εἰληφότες | advmod | high | |
| 8 | τραύματα | τραῦμα | NOUN | N--NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 εἰληφότες | obj | high | |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA--GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Σπαρτιατῶν | det | high | |
| 10 | Σπαρτιατῶν | Σπαρτιάτης | NOUN | N--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 τραύματα | nmod | high | |
| 11 | εἰληφότες | λαμβάνω | VERB | V-RAPMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 24 προεξέθεόν | nsubj | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἐγίνοντο | cc | high | |
| 13 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | P--NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 17 ἐγίνοντο | nsubj | high | Relative quantifier substantivized. |
| 14 | κειμένων | κεῖμαι | VERB | V-PMPGPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 17 ἐγίνοντο | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute with τῶν παραστατῶν. |
| 15 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA--GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 παραστατῶν | det | high | |
| 16 | παραστατῶν | παραστάτης | NOUN | N--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 κειμένων | nsubj | high | |
| 17 | ἐγίνοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-IMI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Mid | 24 προεξέθεόν | nsubj | medium | Relative clause predicate; construed with ὅσοι. |
| 18 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 ἔφοδον | case | high | |
| 19 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἔφοδον | det | high | |
| 20 | ἔφοδον | ἔφοδος | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐγίνοντο | obl | high | |
| 21 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA--GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ψιλῶν | det | high | |
| 22 | ψιλῶν | ψιλός | ADJ | A--GPM | substantivized=Yes|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἔφοδον | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective, 'light-armed troops'. |
| 23 | πρῶτοι | πρῶτος | ADJ | A--NPM | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 προεξέθεόν | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with implied εἶναι. |
| 24 | προεξέθεόν | προεκθέω | VERB | V-IAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 25 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 προεξέθεόν | cc | high | |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 24 προεξέθεόν | punct | high | |
| 27 | ὁπότε | ὁπότε | SCONJ | ADV | _ | 28 ἴδοιεν | mark | high | |
| 28 | ἴδοιεν | ὁράω | VERB | V-LAO3P | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 24 προεξέθεόν | advcl | high | Iterative temporal optative. |
| 29 | ἐπιφερομένους | ἐπιφέρω | VERB | V-PMPMAP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 28 ἴδοιεν | obj | high | |
| 30 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA--APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 ψιλούς | det | high | |
| 31 | ψιλούς | ψιλός | ADJ | A--APM | substantivized=Yes|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 ἐπιφερομένους | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 28 ἴδοιεν | punct | high | |
| 33 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 39 ἐποιοῦντο | cc | high | |
| 34 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 35 θυμοῦ | case | high | |
| 35 | θυμοῦ | θυμός | NOUN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 39 ἐποιοῦντο | obl | high | Cause/motivation. |
| 36 | μακροτέρας | μακρός | ADJ | A--APF-C | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 38 διώξεις | amod | high | |
| 37 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | RA--APF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 38 διώξεις | det | high | |
| 38 | διώξεις | δίωξις | NOUN | N--APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 39 ἐποιοῦντο | obj | high | |
| 39 | ἐποιοῦντο | ποιέω | VERB | V-IMI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Mid | 24 προεξέθεόν | conj | high | Coordinated finite predicate. |
| 40 | ἀποχωρούντων | ἀποχωρέω | VERB | V-PAPGPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 39 ἐποιοῦντο | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; subject is implicit/understood opponents. |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 24 προεξέθεόν | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ ψιλοὶ τῶν Μεσσηνίων ὡς τὸ πρῶτον ἤρξαντο, κατὰ χώραν τε μένοντας ἔτυπτον καὶ ἐσηκόντιζον καὶ διωκόντων ἔφθανον ἀποφεύγοντες καὶ πειρωμένοις ἀναστρέφειν αὖθις ἐπῄεσαν.
The sentence has coordinated imperfect predicates under a main ἔφθανον, with διωκόντων as a genitive absolute and πειρωμένοις ἀναστρέφειν introducing the opponents' attempted counter-turn.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ψιλοὶ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 ψιλοὶ | cc | high | |
| 3 | ψιλοὶ | ψιλός | NOUN | A--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἔφθανον | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, 'light-armed troops'. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ψιλοὶ | nmod | high | |
| 6 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἤρξαντο | mark | medium | Temporal clause: 'when they first began'. |
| 7 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--SAN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 πρῶτον | det | high | |
| 8 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | A-SAN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἤρξαντο | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative, 'at first'. |
| 9 | ἤρξαντο | ἄρχω | VERB | V--AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 20 ἔφθανον | advcl | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἤρξαντο | punct | high | |
| 11 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 χώραν | case | high | |
| 12 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | N--SFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 μένοντας | obl | high | With κατά, 'in position/on the ground'. |
| 13 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 μένοντας | cc | high | |
| 14 | μένοντας | μένω | VERB | V--PAPAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἔτυπτον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with the subject. |
| 15 | ἔτυπτον | τύπτω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 20 ἔφθανον | conj | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ἐσηκόντιζον | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἐσηκόντιζον | ἐκοντίζω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 15 ἔτυπτον | conj | medium | Form is likely ἐσηκόντιζον, 'were throwing spears'; lemma normalized as ἐκοντίζω. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 ἔφθανον | cc | high | |
| 19 | διωκόντων | διώκω | VERB | V-PAPGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 ἔφθανον | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with implicit pursuing subject. |
| 20 | ἔφθανον | φθάνω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate: 'they succeeded in escaping before being overtaken'. |
| 21 | ἀποφεύγοντες | ἀποφεύγω | VERB | V-PAPNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 ἔφθανον | xcomp | high | Participle complementary to ἔφθανον. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 πειρωμένοις | cc | high | |
| 23 | πειρωμένοις | πειράω | VERB | V-PMPDM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 26 ἐπῄεσαν | advcl | medium | Dative participle, probably agreeing with an implicit/understood dative opponent. |
| 24 | ἀναστρέφειν | ἀναστρέφω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 23 πειρωμένοις | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on πειρωμένοις. |
| 25 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | D-------- | _ | 24 ἀναστρέφειν | advmod | high | |
| 26 | ἐπῄεσαν | ἔπειμι | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 20 ἔφθανον | conj | medium | Coordinated final predicate; context supplies the object/target. |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἔφθανον | punct | high |