Grammar parses for passage 4.11.7
Open translation for this passage
ταῦτα δὲ ἔδρων σποράδην καὶ ἄλλοι κατʼ ἄλλο τῆς τῶν ἐναντίων τάξεως·
The imperfect ἔδρων has ταῦτα as its object and ἄλλοι as its plural subject; σποράδην is an adverb, while κατʼ ἄλλο ... τῆς ... τάξεως means ‘according to a different arrangement/order’ and modifies the verb. The exact semantic scope of the coordinated clause is somewhat elliptical.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | Pd—-an | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἔδρων | obj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | X-------- | _ | 3 ἔδρων | cc | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ἔδρων | δράω | VERB | V3PIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect form; subject is ἄλλοι. |
| 4 | σποράδην | σποράδην | ADV | D-------- | _ | 3 ἔδρων | advmod | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 ἄλλοι | cc | high | Coordinates the adverbial phrase with the preceding predicate context. |
| 6 | ἄλλοι | ἄλλος | PRON | A-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἔδρων | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 ἄλλο | case | high | Elided form of κατά before vowel. |
| 8 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | PRON | A-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἔδρων | obl | high | Substantivized accusative neuter, governed by κατά; ‘in another way/order’. |
| 9 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-s---fg- | _ | 12 τάξεως | case | high | |
| 10 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἐναντίων | det | high | Article agreeing with substantivized ἐναντίων. |
| 11 | ἐναντίων | ἐναντίος | ADJ | A-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 τάξεως | amod | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the opposing side/opponents’. |
| 12 | τάξεως | τάξις | NOUN | N-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἄλλο | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἄλλο in the idiomatic phrase κατʼ ἄλλο τῆς τάξεως; syntactically somewhat elliptical. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἔδρων | punct | high |
οἵ τε ὁπλῖται τῶν Μεσσηνίων καὶ συμμάχων θρασύτερον ἐν τῷ τοιῷδε τοῖς κατὰ στόμα αὐτῶν ἐπέκειντο.
The sentence has a coordinated subject οἵ τε ὁπλῖται ... καὶ σύμμαχοι and imperfect ἐπέκειντο, ‘were pressing upon/lying against’; θρασύτερον is an adverbial comparative. The phrase τοῖς κατὰ στόμα αὐτῶν is treated as a dative object/target, with κατὰ στόμα meaning ‘opposite the mouth/front of them’; the exact case-form of τοιῷδε is morphologically ambiguous in context.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἵ | ὅς | PRON | P-r---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 3 ὁπλῖται | det | medium | Relative-form article/pronoun functioning substantivally as ‘the men’; antecedent supplied by ὁπλῖται. |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C- | _ | 3 ὁπλῖται | cc | high | Correlative coordinating particle with καί. |
| 3 | ὁπλῖται | ὁπλίτης | NOUN | N----mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπέκειντο | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L----g-- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Ne----g- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὁπλῖται | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ὁπλῖται. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 7 συμμάχων | cc | high | Coordinates σύμμαχοι with the preceding genitival group. |
| 7 | συμμάχων | σύμμαχος | NOUN | N----g-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὁπλῖται | conj | medium | Coordinated genitive, elliptical for ‘[hoplites] of allies’. |
| 8 | θρασύτερον | θρασύς | ADV | A-S---NC- | Degree=Cmp | 16 ἐπέκειντο | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative comparative, ‘more boldly/with greater audacity’. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 τοιῷδε | case | high | |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L----d-- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 τοιῷδε | det | high | |
| 11 | τοιῷδε | τοιόσδε | ADJ | A--dsm-- | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἐπέκειντο | obl | low | Form and construction are uncertain; interpreted as a substantivized dative ‘in such a situation/condition’ governed by ἐν. |
| 12 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L----d-- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 στόμα | det | medium | Article substantivizing or introducing the following κατὰ στόμα phrase. |
| 13 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 στόμα | case | high | With accusative στόμα, ‘opposite/along the front of’. |
| 14 | στόμα | στόμα | NOUN | N----an- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 τοῖς | nmod | medium | Accusative object of κατά; phrase likely denotes the opponents directly in front. |
| 15 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-----g-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 14 στόμα | nmod | high | Possessive genitive, ‘of them/their’. |
| 16 | ἐπέκειντο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | V3PIIM--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect middle/deponent, ‘were pressing upon/attacking’. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐπέκειντο | punct | high |
τέλος δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῷ τε χρόνῳ καὶ τοῖς τραύμασιν ἀπαγορεύοντες καὶ ἅμα παρὰ τὸ εἰωθὸς ὑπὸ τῶν ψιλῶν ταρασσόμενοι διαλύουσι τὴν τάξιν·
Main predicate διαλύουσι has subject οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι; the two participles are coordinated circumstantial predicates, with ἀπαγορεύοντες governed by dative causes/conditions and ταρασσόμενοι by ὑπό + genitive. παρὰ τὸ εἰωθός is an adverbial phrase meaning contrary to custom; εἰωθός is a substantivized perfect participle/adjectival form.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τέλος | τέλος | ADV | ADV | _ | 21 διαλύουσι | advmod | high | Adverbial τέλος, ‘finally/at last’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 διαλύουσι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-—NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 διαλύουσι | nsubj | high | Ethnic proper-name plural used substantivally. |
| 5 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 χρόνῳ | det | high | |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 καὶ | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 7 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἀπαγορεύοντες | obl | high | Dative of cause/circumstance with ἀπαγορεύοντες. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἀπαγορεύοντες | cc | high | Coordinates the two dative circumstances. |
| 9 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 τραύμασιν | det | high | |
| 10 | τραύμασιν | τραῦμα | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἀπαγορεύοντες | obl | high | Dative of cause/circumstance with ἀπαγορεύοντες. |
| 11 | ἀπαγορεύοντες | ἀπαγορεύω | VERB | V-PPAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 διαλύουσι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, coordinated with ταρασσόμενοι. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 ταρασσόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates the two participles. |
| 13 | ἅμα | ἅμα | ADV | ADV | _ | 20 ταρασσόμενοι | advmod | high | Adverb ‘at the same time’. |
| 14 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | P | _ | 16 εἰωθὸς | case | high | With accusative τὸ εἰωθός, ‘contrary to’. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 εἰωθὸς | det | high | Article substantivizing εἰωθός. |
| 16 | εἰωθὸς | εἴωθα | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 20 ταρασσόμενοι | obl | medium | Substantivized perfect participial/adjectival form, ‘the customary thing’; analyzed as an oblique complement of παρὰ. |
| 17 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P | _ | 19 ψιλῶν | case | high | Agent preposition with genitive. |
| 18 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ψιλῶν | det | high | |
| 19 | ψιλῶν | ψιλός | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ταρασσόμενοι | obl:agent | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘light-armed troops’. |
| 20 | ταρασσόμενοι | ταράσσω | VERB | V-PMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 21 διαλύουσι | advcl | high | Passive circumstantial participle, ‘being thrown into confusion’. |
| 21 | διαλύουσι | διαλύω | VERB | V-PIAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main predicate. |
| 22 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 τάξιν | det | high | |
| 23 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 διαλύουσι | obj | high | Direct object of διαλύουσι. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 21 διαλύουσι | punct | high |
τραπέντων δέ, ἐνταῦθά σφισι πλείω παρεῖχον κακὰ οἱ ψιλοί.
The genitive absolute τραπέντων δέ sets the circumstance ('when they had turned/fled'); οἱ ψιλοί is the subject of παρεῖχον, with σφισι as dative recipients and πλείω κακά as the object. πλείω is taken as neuter plural comparative modifying κακά.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τραπέντων | τρέπω | VERB | V-2AAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plural|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 7 παρεῖχον | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle; subject is implicit/understood plural masculine. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 τραπέντων | advmod | high | Postpositive connective within the genitive absolute. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 τραπέντων | punct | high | |
| 4 | ἐνταῦθά | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 παρεῖχον | advmod | high | Deictic adverb, 'there'; accent may reflect contextual prosody. |
| 5 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural|Person=3 | 7 παρεῖχον | iobj | high | Third-person plural dative pronoun. |
| 6 | πλείω | πολύς | ADJ | A-NSN-CDC | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 8 κακὰ | amod | high | Comparative neuter plural accusative modifying κακά. |
| 7 | παρεῖχον | παρέχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect active indicative; subject follows. |
| 8 | κακὰ | κακός | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 7 παρεῖχον | obj | high | Neuter plural accusative object, modified by πλείω. |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 10 ψιλοί | det | high | Article determining ψιλοί. |
| 10 | ψιλοί | ψιλός | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 7 παρεῖχον | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, 'the light-armed troops'. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 7 παρεῖχον | punct | high |