Grammar parses for passage 4.13.5
Open translation for this passage
τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις ἀπεγνωκέναι τὰ πράγματα παρίστατο, ὥστε καὶ ὥρμησαν ἱκεσίαν ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἀποστέλλειν· οὕτω σφόδρα κατέπληξεν αὐτοὺς ἡ τοῦ Ἀριστοδήμου τελευτή.
The sentence has two coordinated main clauses: παρίστατο with an infinitival complement, followed by a result clause (ὥστε ... ὥρμησαν) and then κατέπληξεν with τελευτή as subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | article-dat-pl | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 παρίστατο | iobj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 7 παρίστατο | cc | high | |
| 3 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | n-dat-pl | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 τοῖς | flat | high | Ethnic name modifying the article. |
| 4 | ἀπεγνωκέναι | ἀπογιγνώσκω | VERB | verb-perf-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 7 παρίστατο | xcomp | medium | Perfect infinitive in the construction with παρίστατο. |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | article-acc-pl-neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 πράγματα | det | high | |
| 6 | πράγματα | πρᾶγμα | NOUN | n-acc-pl-neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 ἀπεγνωκέναι | obj | high | |
| 7 | παρίστατο | παρίστημι | VERB | verb-imperf-mid-ind-3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Impersonal/mental-state construction: it became apparent to the Messenians. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 παρίστατο | punct | high | |
| 9 | ὥστε | ὥστε | SCONJ | conj | _ | 11 ὥρμησαν | mark | high | Introduces a result clause. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | conj | _ | 11 ὥρμησαν | cc | high | |
| 11 | ὥρμησαν | ὁρμάω | VERB | verb-aor-act-ind-3pl | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 7 παρίστατο | advcl | high | |
| 12 | ἱκεσίαν | ἱκεσία | NOUN | n-acc-sg-fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἀποστέλλειν | obj | high | Object of ἀποστέλλειν, ‘send a supplication’. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | prep-acc | _ | 15 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | |
| 14 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-pl-masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | |
| 15 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | n-acc-pl-masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀποστέλλειν | obl | high | Destination/addressee of sending. |
| 16 | ἀποστέλλειν | ἀποστέλλω | VERB | verb-pres-act-inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 11 ὥρμησαν | xcomp | high | |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 παρίστατο | punct | high | |
| 18 | οὕτω | οὕτω | ADV | adv | _ | 20 κατέπληξεν | advmod | high | |
| 19 | σφόδρα | σφόδρα | ADV | adv | _ | 20 κατέπληξεν | advmod | high | |
| 20 | κατέπληξεν | καταπλήσσω | VERB | verb-aor-act-ind-3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second coordinated main clause. |
| 21 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | pron-acc-pl-masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 20 κατέπληξεν | obj | high | |
| 22 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | article-nom-sg-fem | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 τελευτή | det | high | |
| 23 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | article-gen-sg-masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 Ἀριστοδήμου | det | high | |
| 24 | Ἀριστοδήμου | Ἀριστόδημος | PROPN | n-gen-sg-masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 τελευτή | nmod | high | |
| 25 | τελευτή | τελευτή | NOUN | n-nom-sg-fem | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 κατέπληξεν | nsubj | high | |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 κατέπληξεν | punct | high |
καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ὁ θυμὸς ἐπέσχεν αὐτοὺς μὴ ποιῆσαι.
Τοῦτο is a cataphoric accusative object with μὲν, while the finite verb ἐπέσχεν governs the accusative αὐτούς and the articular noun θυμός is its subject; μὴ ποιῆσαι is a complementary infinitive clause dependent on ἐπέσχεν, with αὐτούς understood as its accusative subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἐπέσχεν | cc | high | |
| 2 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | PD----N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέσχεν | obj | high | Cataphoric accusative, referring to the action expressed by the infinitive. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X---NSM- | _ | 2 τοῦτο | discourse | high | Correlative/discourse particle; the balancing δέ is outside this sentence. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 θυμὸς | det | high | |
| 5 | θυμὸς | θυμός | NOUN | N-----SM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέσχεν | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | ἐπέσχεν | ἐπέχω | VERB | V3SAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active of ἐπέχω, ‘restrained/prevented’. |
| 7 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | P-----AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐπέσχεν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐπέσχεν and understood subject of ποιῆσαι. |
| 8 | μὴ | μή | PART | X-------- | _ | 9 ποιῆσαι | advmod | high | Negative particle with the infinitive. |
| 9 | ποιῆσαι | ποιέω | VERB | V--AAN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 6 ἐπέσχεν | xcomp | high | Complementary aorist active infinitive; αὐτούς is its accusative subject. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέσχεν | punct | high |
συλλεγέντες δὲ ἐς ἐκκλησίαν βασιλέα μὲν οὐδένα, Δᾶμιν δὲ στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα εἵλοντο.
The sentence contrasts rejecting any king with choosing Damis as στρατηγὸς αὐτοκράτωρ; συλλεγέντες is a circumstantial passive participle linked to εἵλοντο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | συλλεγέντες | συλλέγω | VERB | V-APP-NPM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Passive | 13 εἵλοντο | advcl | high | Aorist passive participle, circumstantial; subject understood as the main-clause subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 εἵλοντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 4 ἐκκλησίαν | case | high | Epic/poetic form of εἰς. |
| 4 | ἐκκλησίαν | ἐκκλησία | NOUN | N-S-A--- | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Singular | 1 συλλεγέντες | obl | high | |
| 5 | βασιλέα | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-S-A-M | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 13 εἵλοντο | obj | high | First member of the μεν...δε contrast; governed by εἵλοντο. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 5 βασιλέα | discourse | high | |
| 7 | οὐδένα | οὐδείς | PRON | A-S-M | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular|Polarity=Neg | 5 βασιλέα | det | high | Indefinite/negative pronominal determiner agreeing with βασιλέα. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 εἵλοντο | punct | high | |
| 9 | Δᾶμιν | Δᾶμις | PROPN | Ne-S-A-M | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 13 εἵλοντο | obj | high | Proper-name object coordinated contrastively with βασιλέα. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 Δᾶμιν | cc | high | Second member of the μεν...δε contrast. |
| 11 | στρατηγὸν | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-S-A-M | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 9 Δᾶμιν | xcomp | high | Predicate accusative/secondary object complement: they chose Damis as general. |
| 12 | αὐτοκράτορα | αὐτοκράτωρ | ADJ | A-S-A-M | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Singular | 11 στρατηγὸν | amod | high | Agrees with στρατηγόν; specifies supreme/independent authority. |
| 13 | εἵλοντο | αἱρέω | VERB | V-2AMI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=Third|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Deponent middle: ‘they chose/elected’. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 εἵλοντο | punct | high |
ὁ δὲ Κλέοννίν τε αὑτῷ καὶ Φυλέα ἑλόμενος συνάρχοντας παρεσκευάζετο ὡς καὶ ἐκ τῶν παρόντων συνάψων ἐς μάχην· ἐπηνάγκαζε γὰρ ἥ τε πολιορκία καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ὁ λιμὸς καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ δέος, μὴ καὶ προδιαφθαρῶσιν ὑπὸ ἐνδείας.
The syntax is compressed around the coordinated causes ἡ πολιορκία, ὁ λιμός, and ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ δέος; the final μή-clause depends on the fear notion (δέος).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 Κλέοννίν | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 παρεσκευάζετο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Κλέοννίν | Κλέων | PROPN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἑλόμενος | obj | high | Accusative object of ἑλόμενος. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 Φυλέα | cc | high | Correlates Κλέοννίν with Φυλέα. |
| 5 | αὑτῷ | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P--DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 8 ἑλόμενος | iobj | medium | Dative of association/selection, ‘for himself’. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 Φυλέα | cc | high | |
| 7 | Φυλέα | Φυλέας | PROPN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἑλόμενος | obj | high | Accusative coordinated with Κλέοννίν. |
| 8 | ἑλόμενος | αἱρέω | VERB | V--屡? | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 10 παρεσκευάζετο | advcl | medium | Aorist middle participle; exact traditional code uncertain. |
| 9 | συνάρχοντας | συνάρχω | VERB | V--PAPAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἑλόμενος | xcomp | medium | Predicative participle with selected men, ‘as fellow-commanders’. |
| 10 | παρεσκευάζετο | παρασκευάζω | VERB | V3IIM-S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 συνάψων | mark | high | Introduces prospective circumstantial participle construction. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 συνάψων | advmod | high | ‘Also/even’. |
| 13 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 παρόντων | case | high | |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 παρόντων | det | high | |
| 15 | παρόντων | πάρειμι | VERB | V-PAPNG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 συνάψων | obl | high | Substantivized participle, ‘present circumstances/resources’. |
| 16 | συνάψων | συνάπτω | VERB | V-FAPNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 παρεσκευάζετο | advcl | high | Future participle expressing intended result/action. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 μάχην | case | high | |
| 18 | μάχην | μάχη | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 συνάψων | obl | high | |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 παρεσκευάζετο | punct | high | |
| 20 | ἐπηνάγκαζε | ἐπανάγκάζω | VERB | V3IIIA-S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 10 παρεσκευάζετο | parataxis | medium | Independent explanatory clause coordinated loosely with the preceding clause. |
| 21 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | cc | high | Postpositive explanatory connective. |
| 22 | ἥ | ὁ | DET | T--NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 πολιορκία | det | high | |
| 23 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 πολιορκία | cc | high | Correlative coordination. |
| 24 | πολιορκία | πολιορκία | NOUN | N--NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | nsubj | high | |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 29 λιμὸς | cc | high | Coordinates causes. |
| 26 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 27 ἥκιστα | advmod | high | |
| 27 | ἥκιστα | ἥκιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 29 λιμὸς | advmod | high | Superlative adverb, ‘not least’. |
| 28 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 λιμὸς | det | high | |
| 29 | λιμὸς | λιμός | NOUN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | conj | high | Second coordinated cause. |
| 30 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 33 δέος | cc | medium | Coordinates an additional cause, with ellipsis/asyndetic structure. |
| 31 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 32 αὐτοῦ | case | high | |
| 32 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | P---GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 33 δέος | nmod | high | Genitive object of ἀπό, referring to λιμός. |
| 33 | δέος | δέος | NOUN | N--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | conj | medium | Third coordinated cause; coordination is somewhat compressed. |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | punct | high | |
| 35 | μὴ | μή | SCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Neg | 37 προδιαφθαρῶσιν | mark | high | Introduces a feared eventuality. |
| 36 | καὶ | καί | ADV | D-------- | _ | 37 προδιαφθαρῶσιν | advmod | high | ‘Also/even’. |
| 37 | προδιαφθαρῶσιν | προδιαφθείρω | VERB | V3PAAS-P | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 33 δέος | ccomp | high | Subjunctive in μή fear clause; subject is implicit plural. |
| 38 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 39 ἐνδείας | case | high | |
| 39 | ἐνδείας | ἔνδεια | NOUN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 37 προδιαφθαρῶσιν | obl:agent | high | Agent/cause with passive verb. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐπηνάγκαζε | punct | high |