Grammar parses for passage 4.14.4
Open translation for this passage
τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτοὺς Μεσσηνίους παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων ἔσχεν οὕτως.
τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτοὺς Μεσσηνίους is a fronted topic/elliptical phrase, probably ‘as for what concerned the Messenians’; ἔσχεν is the finite root, with παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων marking source/origin and οὕτως functioning adverbially.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχεν | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural article/adjectival topic; exact ellipsis is uncertain. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 4 αὐτοὺς | case | high | Epic/poetic variant of εἰς. |
| 4 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | P----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 5 Μεσσηνίους | nmod | medium | Accusative pronoun with εἰς; syntactically linked to the following appositional/topic noun. |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Ne-APM---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχεν | obl | medium | Proper ethnic name; phrase ἐς αὐτοὺς Μεσσηνίους is a fronted topic or object-like constituent. |
| 6 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Λακεδαιμονίων | case | high | With genitive, marks source/from whom. |
| 7 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Ne-GPM---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχεν | obl | high | Ethnic proper name in the genitive after παρά. |
| 8 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-3AAI-S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active indicative, third singular; subject and complement are partly elliptical/contextual. |
| 9 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | advmod | high | Manner/result adverb, ‘thus/so’. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
πρῶτον μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπάγουσιν ὅρκον μήτε ἀποστῆναί ποτε ἀπʼ αὐτῶν μήτε ἄλλο ἐργάσασθαι νεώτερον μηδέν·
The understood subject of ἐπάγουσιν is plural and the infinitives ἀποστῆναι and ἐργάσασθαι are coordinated content infinitives dependent on ὅρκον; ἄλλο νεώτερον μηδέν is an accusative neuter object of ἐργάσασθαι, with νεώτερον used substantivally. The lexical form and parsing of ἀποστῆναι are somewhat uncertain because the accent/contracted spelling may reflect ἀφίσταμαι or ἀποΐστημι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | A-ASN | Degree=Pos | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | advmod | high | Accusative neuter singular used adverbially, ‘first’. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P---MD-P- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | iobj | high | Dative recipient/affected persons. |
| 4 | ἐπάγουσιν | ἐπάγω | VERB | V-PAI-3-P | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb; subject is implicit. |
| 5 | ὅρκον | ὅρκος | NOUN | N-A--MS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | obj | high | Accusative object, ‘an oath’. |
| 6 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ἀποστῆναί | cc | high | First member of μήτε...μήτε coordination. |
| 7 | ἀποστῆναί | ἀφίσταμαι | VERB | V-2AAN---- | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 5 ὅρκον | acl | low | Infinitive coordinated with ἐργάσασθαι; lexical derivation and exact tense stem are uncertain in this spelling. |
| 8 | ποτε | ποτε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἀποστῆναί | advmod | high | Indefinite temporal adverb, ‘ever’. |
| 9 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 αὐτῶν | case | high | Elided preposition governing αὐτῶν. |
| 10 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P---GG-P- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 7 ἀποστῆναί | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἀπό. |
| 11 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐργάσασθαι | cc | high | Second member of μήτε...μήτε coordination. |
| 12 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A---AN-S- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 νεώτερον | amod | high | Accusative neuter adjective modifying νεώτερον. |
| 13 | ἐργάσασθαι | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | V-AOM---- | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 7 ἀποστῆναί | conj | high | Second coordinated content infinitive. |
| 14 | νεώτερον | νεώτερος | ADJ | A---AN-S- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐργάσασθαι | obj | high | Substantival comparative adjective, ‘anything newer/more novel’. |
| 15 | μηδέν | μηδείς | PRON | P---AN-S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 14 νεώτερον | det | high | Negative indefinite determiner/pronominal modifier, ‘nothing’. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
δεύτερα δὲ φόρον μὲν οὐδένα ἐπέταξαν εἰρημένον, οἳ δὲ τῶν γεωργουμένων τροφῶν σφισιν ἀπέφερον ἐς Σπάρτην πάντων τὰ ἡμίσεα.
The first clause has an understood plural subject and an accusative object with εἰρημένον agreeing with φόρον; οἳ resumes the subject of ἀπέφερον. τὰ ἡμίσεα is the accusative object, with πάντων a partitive genitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δεύτερα | δεύτερος | ADV | Adverbial accusative plural neuter | Degree=Pos | 6 ἐπέταξαν | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, ‘secondly’; formally identical to neuter plural adjective. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | φόρον | φόρος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέταξαν | obj | high | |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | advmod | high | Correlative particle, answered implicitly by δὲ. |
| 5 | οὐδένα | οὐδείς | PRON | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 3 φόρον | det | high | Negative determiner modifying φόρον. |
| 6 | ἐπέταξαν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active, 3rd plural; subject is understood from context. |
| 7 | εἰρημένον | λέγω | VERB | V-RPP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 3 φόρον | amod | medium | Perfect passive participle, agreeing with φόρον; elliptical sense ‘specified/assessed’. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | punct | high | |
| 9 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-RNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 15 ἀπέφερον | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun introducing the second coordinated clause; antecedent is understood persons. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἀπέφερον | cc | high | |
| 11 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 γεωργουμένων | det | high | |
| 12 | γεωργουμένων | γεωργέω | VERB | V-PPM-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 13 τροφῶν | amod | high | Substantivized/attributive participle modifying τροφῶν: ‘cultivated’. |
| 13 | τροφῶν | τροφή | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ἀπέφερον | obl | medium | Genitive dependent on ἀπέφερον, likely source/partitive: produce from the cultivated crops. |
| 14 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-G3P | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 15 ἀπέφερον | iobj | high | Dative recipient: ‘to them’. |
| 15 | ἀπέφερον | ἀποφέρω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ἐπέταξαν | conj | high | Imperfect active, 3rd plural; coordinated with ἐπέταξαν. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 17 Σπάρτην | case | high | |
| 17 | Σπάρτην | Σπάρτη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἀπέφερον | obl | high | Goal of motion with ἐς. |
| 18 | πάντων | πᾶς | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἡμίσεα | nmod | medium | Partitive genitive; masculine form is somewhat irregular with the feminine τροφῶν, but governs the understood/associated whole. |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 20 ἡμίσεα | det | high | |
| 20 | ἡμίσεα | ἥμισυς | ADJ | A-NPA | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἀπέφερον | obj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the halves’. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | punct | high |
προείρητο δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκφορὰς τῶν βασιλέων καὶ ἄλλων τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ ἄνδρας ἐκ τῆς Μεσσηνίας καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ἐν ἐσθῆτι ἥκειν μελαίνῃ·
Impersonal passive προείρητο governs the infinitive ἥκειν; ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκφορὰς specifies the occasions, while coordinated accusatives ἄνδρας and τὰς γυναῖκας are the understood subjects of ἥκειν. The phrase τῶν ἐν τέλει coordinates with τῶν βασιλέων as genitive dependents of ἐκφορὰς; μελαίνῃ agrees with ἐσθῆτι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | προείρητο | προαγορεύω | VERB | V-PII-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal pluperfect passive: ‘it had been prescribed/declared beforehand’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 προείρητο | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἄνδρας | cc | medium | Coordinates the first accusative participant phrase with ἄνδρας. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 ἐκφορὰς | case | high | With accusative, indicating the occasions/circumstances. |
| 5 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκφορὰς | det | high | |
| 6 | ἐκφορὰς | ἐκφορά | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκειν | obl | high | Object of ἐπί. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 βασιλέων | det | high | |
| 8 | βασιλέων | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκφορὰς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἐκφορὰς. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἄλλων | cc | high | |
| 10 | ἄλλων | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκφορὰς | nmod | medium | Coordinates another genitive dependent of ἐκφορὰς; substantival adjective. |
| 11 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 τέλει | det | high | |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 13 τέλει | case | high | |
| 13 | τέλει | τέλος | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἄλλων | nmod | high | ἐν τέλει is a substantivized phrase, ‘those in office’; τῶν agrees in gender/number though not visibly in case. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἄνδρας | cc | high | |
| 15 | ἄνδρας | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκειν | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive ἥκειν. |
| 16 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 18 Μεσσηνίας | case | high | |
| 17 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 Μεσσηνίας | det | high | |
| 18 | Μεσσηνίας | Μεσσηνία | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἄνδρας | nmod | high | Origin of the men. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 γυναῖκας | cc | high | Coordinates τὰς γυναῖκας with ἄνδρας. |
| 20 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 γυναῖκας | det | high | |
| 21 | γυναῖκας | γυνή | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκειν | nsubj | high | Coordinated accusative subject of ἥκειν. |
| 22 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 23 ἐσθῆτι | case | high | |
| 23 | ἐσθῆτι | ἐσθής | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἥκειν | obl | high | Prepositional phrase modifying ἥκειν, describing attire. |
| 24 | ἥκειν | ἥκω | VERB | V-PNA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 προείρητο | ccomp | high | Infinitive complement of impersonal προείρητο. |
| 25 | μελαίνῃ | μέλας | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐσθῆτι | amod | high | Agrees with ἐσθῆτι. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 προείρητο | punct | high |
καὶ τοῖς παραβᾶσιν ἐπέκειτο ποινή.
The dative plural substantivized participle παραβᾶσιν means “those who transgressed” and is the experiencer/recipient-like complement of ἐπέκειτο; ποινή is the subject, with καί coordinating the clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 4 ἐπέκειτο | cc | high | |
| 2 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA---DP-M-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 παραβᾶσιν | det | high | Article substantivizes the participle. |
| 3 | παραβᾶσιν | παραβαίνω | VERB | VAAP-DP-M-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 ἐπέκειτο | iobj | medium | Substantivized aorist active participle; dative marks those subject to the penalty. |
| 4 | ἐπέκειτο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | V3IIM-S3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | ποινή | ποινή | NOUN | N-----NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπέκειτο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπέκειτο | punct | high |