Grammar parses for passage 4.14.4
Open translation for this passage
τὰ δὲ ἐς αὐτοὺς Μεσσηνίους παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων ἔσχεν οὕτως.
The opening τὰ δὲ is syntactically difficult; it is treated here as an accusative object phrase with an implied noun.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Article with understood object. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 5 Μεσσηνίους | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 4 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 5 Μεσσηνίους | det | medium | Likely substantive pronoun modifying the ethnic adjective; parsing is uncertain. |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Accusative plural adjective used substantively. |
| 6 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | _ | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | case | high | Introduces source/agent phrase. |
| 7 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔσχεν | obl | high | Genitive dependent in prepositional phrase. |
| 8 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | _ | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 9 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | _ | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | advmod | high | Manner adverb. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔσχεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
πρῶτον μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπάγουσιν ὅρκον μήτε ἀποστῆναί ποτε ἀπʼ αὐτῶν μήτε ἄλλο ἐργάσασθαι νεώτερον μηδέν·
The syntax is centered on ἐπάγουσιν with ὅρκον as object; the two μήτε...μήτε infinitival clauses depend on the oath content, with some uncertainty in the internal attachment of μήτε ἀποστῆναί and μηδέν/ἄλλο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρῶτον | πρῶτον | ADV | D | _ | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative used adverbially, modifying the verbal clause. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G | _ | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | discourse | high | Correlative/discourse particle. |
| 3 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3d | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | iobj | medium | Dative with ἐπάγουσιν; likely indirect object/ethical dative. |
| 4 | ἐπάγουσιν | ἐπάγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the clause. |
| 5 | ὅρκον | ὅρκος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | obj | high | Direct object of ἐπάγουσιν. |
| 6 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 7 ἀποστῆναί | cc | high | Correlative negative conjunction introducing the first infinitival object. |
| 7 | ἀποστῆναί | ἀφίστημι | VERB | V-AAN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 5 ὅρκον | xcomp | medium | Infinitival content of ὅρκον; governed by the oath idea. |
| 8 | ποτε | ποτε | PART | D | _ | 7 ἀποστῆναί | advmod | high | Temporal/indefinite particle modifying the infinitive. |
| 9 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | R | _ | 7 ἀποστῆναί | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτῶν. |
| 10 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3g | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 7 ἀποστῆναί | obl | high | Prepositional complement of ἀπʼ. |
| 11 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 13 ἐργάσασθαι | cc | high | Correlative negative conjunction introducing the second infinitival clause. |
| 12 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐργάσασθαι | obj | medium | Accusative/neuter form used substantively; attached as object of ἐργάσασθαι. |
| 13 | ἐργάσασθαι | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | V-AMN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 5 ὅρκον | xcomp | high | Second infinitival clause dependent on ὅρκον. |
| 14 | νεώτερον | νεώτερον | ADV | D | _ | 13 ἐργάσασθαι | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐργάσασθαι. |
| 15 | μηδέν | μηδείς | PRON | Pi-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 12 ἄλλο | det | medium | Negative modifier of ἄλλο; case/role somewhat uncertain because of infinitival syntax. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπάγουσιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
δεύτερα δὲ φόρον μὲν οὐδένα ἐπέταξαν εἰρημένον, οἳ δὲ τῶν γεωργουμένων τροφῶν σφισιν ἀπέφερον ἐς Σπάρτην πάντων τὰ ἡμίσεα.
Syntax is somewhat difficult in the first clause: δεύτερα is probably an accusative object/complement with ἐπέταξαν rather than a true adverb.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δεύτερα | δεύτερος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἐπέταξαν | obj | medium | Likely adverbial/neuter acc. pl. used substantively or as object complement; context favors accusative object to ἐπέταξαν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | φόρον | φόρος | NOUN | N-SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέταξαν | obj | high | Direct object of ἐπέταξαν. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G | _ | 3 φόρον | discourse | high | Correlative particle with δέ. |
| 5 | οὐδένα | οὐδείς | PRON | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 φόρον | amod | high | Attributive modifier of φόρον. |
| 6 | ἐπέταξαν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 7 | εἰρημένον | λέγω | VERB | V-PRP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 3 φόρον | amod | medium | Participle agreeing with φόρον; sense 'stated/mentioned'. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 9 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-PMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀπέφερον | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun introducing new clause. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 15 ἀπέφερον | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 11 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-PPP | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 γεωργουμένων | det | high | Article with participle. |
| 12 | γεωργουμένων | γεωργέω | VERB | V-PPM-PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 13 τροφῶν | amod | high | Participle modifying τροφῶν; substantival/genitive phrase. |
| 13 | τροφῶν | τροφή | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ἀπέφερον | obj | medium | Genitive dependent of ἀπέφερον; likely partitive/source genitive. |
| 14 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3PD | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 15 ἀπέφερον | iobj | high | Dative of interest/recipient. |
| 15 | ἀπέφερον | ἀποφέρω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 9 οἳ | acl:relcl | high | Verb of the relative clause modifying οἳ. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 17 Σπάρτην | case | high | Preposition. |
| 17 | Σπάρτην | Σπάρτη | PROPN | N-SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἀπέφερον | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 18 | πάντων | πᾶς | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἡμίσεα | det | medium | Likely genitive modifier of ἡμίσεα, meaning 'of all (things/produce)'. |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἡμίσεα | det | high | Article with ἡμίσεα. |
| 20 | ἡμίσεα | ἥμισυς | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἀπέφερον | obj | medium | Likely accusative neuter plural substantive 'half(s)'; functions as object/complement with ἀπέφερον. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
προείρητο δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκφορὰς τῶν βασιλέων καὶ ἄλλων τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ ἄνδρας ἐκ τῆς Μεσσηνίας καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ἐν ἐσθῆτι ἥκειν μελαίνῃ·
The syntax is a reported-speech construction with προείρητο governing an infinitival complement; several coordinated accusative noun phrases are somewhat elliptical and depend on the historical context.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | προείρητο | προλέγω | VERB | V-PLUP-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperfect|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb; pluperfect passive/middle form used with impersonal sense. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 1 προείρητο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐπὶ | cc | high | Coordinates the following prepositional phrase/clause element with prior material. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 1 προείρητο | obl | high | Introduces oblique phrase dependent on προείρητο. |
| 5 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκφορὰς | det | high | Article modifying ἐκφορὰς. |
| 6 | ἐκφορὰς | ἐκφορά | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 ἐπὶ | obj | high | Object of ἐπί in the sense 'for the funerals/processions'. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 βασιλέων | det | high | Article modifying βασιλέων. |
| 8 | βασιλέων | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκφορὰς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἐκφορὰς. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἄλλων | cc | high | Coordinates with βασιλέων. |
| 10 | ἄλλων | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 βασιλέων | conj | high | Conjunct genitive modifying implied/understood noun with τῶν ἐν τέλει. |
| 11 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 τέλει | det | medium | Likely article for an implied noun phrase with ἐν τέλει. |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 13 τέλει | amod | low | Likely part of fixed phrase ἐν τέλει. |
| 13 | τέλει | τέλος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἄλλων | nmod | medium | Dative complement in the phrase ἐν τέλει, modifying ἄλλων. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἄνδρας | cc | high | Coordinates another object phrase. |
| 15 | ἄνδρας | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκειν | obj | high | Accusative subject of infinitive ἥκειν. |
| 16 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 18 Μεσσηνίας | case | high | Introduces source phrase. |
| 17 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 Μεσσηνίας | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίας. |
| 18 | Μεσσηνίας | Μεσσηνία | PROPN | N--FSG | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἄνδρας | nmod | high | Genitive complement of ἄνδρας via ἐκ. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 τὰς | cc | high | Coordinates with ἄνδρας. |
| 20 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 γυναῖκας | det | high | Article modifying γυναῖκας. |
| 21 | γυναῖκας | γυνή | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκειν | obj | high | Second accusative subject of infinitive ἥκειν. |
| 22 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 23 ἐσθῆτι | case | high | Introduces manner phrase. |
| 23 | ἐσθῆτι | ἐσθής | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἥκειν | obl | high | Dative of manner with ἥκειν. |
| 24 | ἥκειν | ἥκω | VERB | V-PAI | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 1 προείρητο | ccomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by προείρητο. |
| 25 | μελαίνῃ | μέλας | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐσθῆτι | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying ἐσθῆτι. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 προείρητο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
καὶ τοῖς παραβᾶσιν ἐπέκειτο ποινή.
Dative participial phrase τοῖς παραβᾶσιν is best taken as the addressee/target of the penalty; syntax is otherwise straightforward.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 ἐπέκειτο | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking clauses or elements. |
| 2 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 παραβᾶσιν | det | high | Article modifying the participle. |
| 3 | παραβᾶσιν | παραβαίνω | VERB | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 ποινή | amod | medium | Aorist active participle used adjectivally, governing with the article; dative plural masculine. |
| 4 | ἐπέκειτο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect indicative middle/passive form, functioning as main verb. |
| 5 | ποινή | ποινή | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπέκειτο | nsubj | high | Nominative subject of ἐπέκειτο. |
| 6 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπέκειτο | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |