Grammar parses for passage 4.15.3
Open translation for this passage
δῆλα οὖν ἐστιν ὡς ὕστερον τρίτῃ γενεᾷ τὸν πόλεμον οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τόνδε ἐπολέμησαν.
ὡς introduces an explanatory/content clause dependent on δῆλα ἐστιν; τὸν πόλεμον is the object of ἐπολέμησαν, with τόνδε agreeing attributively. The temporal sequence ὕστερον τρίτῃ γενεᾷ is interpreted as ‘later, in the third generation.’
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δῆλα | δῆλος | ADJ | A--NNP | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Neuter plural predicate adjective with ἐστιν, in an impersonal construction. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | G--------- | _ | 3 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 3 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular verb governing δῆλα and the ὡς clause. |
| 4 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C--------- | _ | 13 ἐπολέμησαν | mark | medium | Content/explanatory conjunction; the clause functions as the complement of δῆλα ἐστιν. |
| 5 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | D--------- | _ | 13 ἐπολέμησαν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, ‘later’. |
| 6 | τρίτῃ | τρίτος | ADJ | A--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 γενεᾷ | amod | high | agrees with γενεᾷ. |
| 7 | γενεᾷ | γενεά | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπολέμησαν | obl | high | Dative temporal expression, ‘in the third generation.’ |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | S--AMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 πόλεμον | det | high | Definite article agreeing with πόλεμον. |
| 9 | πόλεμον | πόλεμος | NOUN | N--AMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπολέμησαν | obj | high | Accusative direct object of ἐπολέμησαν. |
| 10 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | S--NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 Μεσσήνιοι | det | high | Article substantivizing/introducing the ethnic name. |
| 11 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A--NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐπολέμησαν | nsubj | high | Ethnic proper noun functioning as subject. |
| 12 | τόνδε | ὅδε | DET | S--AMS | Case=Acc|Deixis=Prox|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 πόλεμον | det | high | Demonstrative agreeing with πόλεμον, ‘this war’. |
| 13 | ἐπολέμησαν | πολεμέω | VERB | V3PAAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 4 ὡς | ccomp | medium | Aorist indicative; exact attachment of the ὡς clause may be analyzed as ccomp of the copular predicate rather than directly of ἐστιν. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐστιν | punct | high |
ἀποδείκνυσί τε τοῦ χρόνου τὸ συνεχὲς βασιλεύοντας τηνικαῦτα ἐν Σπάρτῃ Ἀνάξανδρον Εὐρυκράτους τοῦ Πολυδώρου, τῆς δὲ οἰκίας τῆς ἑτέρας Ἀναξίδαμον Ζευξιδάμου τοῦ Ἀρχιδάμου τοῦ Θεοπόμπου.
The sentence uses an elliptical coordinated accusative list of Spartan kings; βασιλεύοντας is a supplementary participle associated with the named rulers, while the second οἰκίας phrase is syntactically compressed.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀποδείκνυσί | ἀποδείκνυμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | cc | high | |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 χρόνου | det | high | |
| 4 | χρόνου | χρόνος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 συνεχὲς | nmod | high | |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 συνεχὲς | det | high | |
| 6 | συνεχὲς | συνεχής | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter adjective, object of ἀποδείκνυσι. |
| 7 | βασιλεύοντας | βασιλεύω | VERB | V-PAP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 Ἀνάξανδρον | acl | medium | Supplementary participle with the named kings; exact attachment is syntactically elliptical. |
| 8 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 βασιλεύοντας | advmod | high | |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 Σπάρτῃ | case | high | |
| 10 | Σπάρτῃ | Σπάρτη | PROPN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 βασιλεύοντας | obl | high | |
| 11 | Ἀνάξανδρον | Ἀνάξανδρος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | obj | high | First accusative personal name in the coordinated/elliptical object construction. |
| 12 | Εὐρυκράτους | Εὐρυκράτης | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 Ἀνάξανδρον | nmod | high | |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 Πολυδώρου | det | high | |
| 14 | Πολυδώρου | Πολύδωρος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Εὐρυκράτους | nmod | high | Patronymic/ancestral genitive. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | punct | high | |
| 16 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 οἰκίας | det | high | |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 οἰκίας | cc | high | |
| 18 | οἰκίας | οἰκία | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἑτέρας | nmod | medium | Genitive phrase marking the other royal house/line; construction is elliptical. |
| 19 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἑτέρας | det | high | |
| 20 | ἑτέρας | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | conj | medium | Substantivized/elliptical modifier for οἰκίας; coordinated with the first named king. |
| 21 | Ἀναξίδαμον | Ἀναξίδαμος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἑτέρας | appos | high | Second accusative king-name in the elliptical coordinated object. |
| 22 | Ζευξιδάμου | Ζευξίδαμος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 Ἀναξίδαμον | nmod | high | |
| 23 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 Ἀρχιδάμου | det | high | |
| 24 | Ἀρχιδάμου | Ἀρχίδαμος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 Ζευξιδάμου | nmod | high | |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 Θεοπόμπου | det | high | |
| 26 | Θεοπόμπου | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 Ἀρχιδάμου | nmod | high | |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀποδείκνυσί | punct | high |
κατέβην δὲ ἐς ἀπόγονον Θεοπόμπου τέταρτον, ὅτι Ἀρχίδαμος ὁ Θεοπόμπου προαπέθανε τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἐς Ζευξίδαμον υἱιδοῦν ὄντα ἡ Θεοπόμπου περιῆλθεν ἀρχή.
The final clause is syntactically compressed: ἡ Θεοπόμπου likely denotes the rule/kingdom associated with Theopompus and περιῆλθεν takes Ζευξίδαμον as its goal; the roles of υἱιδοῦν and ἀρχή are correspondingly somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατέβην | καταβαίνω | VERB | VPAI1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 κατέβην | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 ἀπόγονον | case | high | |
| 4 | ἀπόγονον | ἀπόγονος | NOUN | AASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 κατέβην | obl | high | Object of motion, with ἐς. |
| 5 | Θεοπόμπου | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | NGenSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἀπόγονον | nmod | high | |
| 6 | τέταρτον | τέταρτος | ADJ | AASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἀπόγονον | amod | high | Predicative/ordinal modifier: fourth descendant. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 κατέβην | punct | high | |
| 8 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 προαπέθανε | mark | high | Introduces explanatory causal clause. |
| 9 | Ἀρχίδαμος | Ἀρχίδαμος | PROPN | NNomSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 προαπέθανε | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | TNomSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Ἀρχίδαμος | det | high | |
| 11 | Θεοπόμπου | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | NGenSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Ἀρχίδαμος | nmod | high | Patronymic genitive. |
| 12 | προαπέθανε | προαποθνῄσκω | VERB | VAAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 1 κατέβην | advcl | high | Causal/explanatory subordinate clause. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | TGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 πατρὸς | det | high | |
| 14 | πατρὸς | πατήρ | NOUN | NGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 προαπέθανε | obl | high | Genitive of precedence: before his father. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 περιῆλθεν | cc | high | Coordinates the following clause. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 17 Ζευξίδαμον | case | high | |
| 17 | Ζευξίδαμον | Ζευξίδαμος | PROPN | NAsm | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 περιῆλθεν | obl | high | Goal/recipient with ἐς. |
| 18 | υἱιδοῦν | υἱιδέος | NOUN | NASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Ζευξίδαμον | appos | medium | Accusative apposition, 'being a grandson'; spelling and lexical analysis are somewhat uncertain. |
| 19 | ὄντα | εἰμί | AUX | VPAPASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 υἱιδοῦν | acl | high | Participial modifier of υἱιδοῦν. |
| 20 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | TNsf | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 Θεοπόμπου | det | high | |
| 21 | Θεοπόμπου | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | NNomSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 περιῆλθεν | nsubj | high | Feminine subject, 'Theopompus' understood as the kingship/personified rule in context. |
| 22 | περιῆλθεν | περιέρχομαι | VERB | VAAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 προαπέθανε | conj | medium | Coordinated clause after καί; subject is ἡ Θεοπόμπου, with ἀρχή as transferred subject/object notion. |
| 23 | ἀρχή | ἀρχή | NOUN | NNsf | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 περιῆλθεν | nsubj | low | Could instead be an appositional/predicative complement in the idiom 'rule passed to Zeuxidamus'; surface case is nominative. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 κατέβην | punct | high |
Λεωτυχίδης δὲ μετὰ Δημάρατον βασιλεύσας φαίνεται τὸν Ἀρίστωνος· Θεοπόμπου δὲ Ἀρίστων ἀπόγονος ἕβδομος.
The first clause has μετὰ Δημάρατον with a temporal/sequence sense (‘after Demaratus’), βασιλεύσας as a circumstantial aorist participle with subject Λεωτυχίδης, and φαίνεται governing the accusative-and-infinitive-like construction τὸν Ἀρίστωνος (understood βασιλεύσας/βασιλεύειν). The second clause is nominal: Ἀρίστων is the seventh descendant of Θεόπομπος.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λεωτυχίδης | Λεωτυχίδης | PROPN | N--SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 φαίνεται | nsubj | high | Subject of φαίνεται and understood subject of βασιλεύσας. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 φαίνεται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 4 Δημάρατον | case | high | With accusative Δημάρατον, temporal (‘after’). |
| 4 | Δημάρατον | Δημάρατος | PROPN | N--SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 βασιλεύσας | obl | high | Object of temporal μετὰ. |
| 5 | βασιλεύσας | βασιλεύω | VERB | V--AAPNSM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 φαίνεται | advcl | high | Aorist circumstantial participle, subject Λεωτυχίδης. |
| 6 | φαίνεται | φαίνω | VERB | V3SPI--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Middle φαίνομαι, ‘appears/is shown’; construction is elliptical after it. |
| 7 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | S----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀρίστωνος | det | high | Article substantivizing or marking the accusative phrase. |
| 8 | Ἀρίστωνος | Ἀρίστων | PROPN | N--SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 βασιλεύσας | obl | medium | Genitive of patronymic relation (‘of Ariston’); τὸν Ἀρίστωνος is elliptical, with βασιλεύσας/βασιλεύειν understood. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 φαίνεται | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 10 | Θεοπόμπου | Θεόπομπος | PROPN | N--SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπόγονος | nmod | high | Genitive of descent with ἀπόγονος. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἀπόγονος | cc | high | Connective introducing the nominal clause. |
| 12 | Ἀρίστων | Ἀρίστων | PROPN | N--SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπόγονος | nsubj | high | Subject of the verbless nominal clause. |
| 13 | ἀπόγονος | ἀπόγονος | NOUN | N--SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Predicate noun of the verbless second clause; treated as a coordinated root after the punctuation. |
| 14 | ἕβδομος | ἕβδομος | ADJ | A--SMN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NumType=Ord|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπόγονος | amod | high | Ordinal adjective modifying ἀπόγονος. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀπόγονος | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |