Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 4.16.3

← 4.16.2 4.16.4 →

Passage 4.16.3

Open translation for this passage

3sentences parsed

91Greek tokens

2,629input tokens

6,707output tokens

Sentence 1

4.16.3 sentence 1

Tokens: 7
Input: 628
Output: 571
Total: 1,199

κατὰ δὲ αὐτὸν Ἀριστομένην εἶχεν οὕτω.

The phrase κατὰ δὲ αὐτὸν Ἀριστομένην is syntactically somewhat context-sensitive; κατὰ is treated as a preposition governing an accusative phrase, while αὐτὸν is attached to the proper name as an identifying modifier.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	κατὰ	κατά	ADP	PREP	Case=Acc	5 εἶχεν	case	high	Accusative complement/phrase marker; semantic value is context-dependent.
2	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	5 εἶχεν	cc	high	Postpositive connective.
3	αὐτὸν	αὐτός	PRON	P-S---MA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Prs	4 Ἀριστομένην	amod	medium	Intensive/identifying pronoun modifying the personal name; parsers may analyze it as apposition.
4	Ἀριστομένην	Ἀριστομένης	PROPN	N proper name	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	5 εἶχεν	obj	high	Accusative object of εἶχεν.
5	εἶχεν	ἔχω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Imperfect indicative active, third singular.
6	οὕτω	οὕτως	ADV	D--------	_	5 εἶχεν	advmod	high	Adverbial modifier meaning ‘thus/so’.
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	5 εἶχεν	punct	high

Sentence 2

4.16.3 sentence 2

Tokens: 45
Input: 1,040
Output: 3,280
Total: 4,320

λογάδες περὶ αὐτὸν ὀγδοήκοντα ἦσαν Μεσσηνίων, ἡλικίαν τε γεγονότες ἐκείνῳ τὴν αὐτὴν καὶ ἕκαστος προτετιμῆσθαι μεγάλως νομίζων ὅτι ἠξίωτο Ἀριστομένει συντετάχθαι· ἦσαν δὲ καὶ αἰσθέσθαι διʼ ὀλίγου δεινοὶ τά τε παρʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ μάλιστα ἐκείνου καὶ ἀρχομένου τι δρᾶν καὶ ἔτι μέλλοντος.

The first clause has λογάδες as subject of ἦσαν, with supplementary participles γεγονότες and νομίζων; the second ἦσαν takes δεινοί as predicate adjective and coordinated infinitival complements. The final participles are somewhat compressed/elliptical, with ἐκείνου understood in the genitive constructions.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	λογάδες	λογάς	NOUN	Noun_Nom_Masc_Plur	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	5 ἦσαν	nsubj	high
2	περὶ	περί	ADP	Prep	_	3 αὐτὸν	case	high
3	αὐτὸν	αὐτός	PRON	Pron_Acc_Masc_Sing	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Prs	1 λογάδες	nmod	high	περὶ αὐτόν: around him
4	ὀγδοήκοντα	ὀγδοήκοντα	NUM	Num_Indecl	NumType=Card	1 λογάδες	nummod	high
5	ἦσαν	εἰμί	AUX	V- Impf-Act-Ind-3Pl	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
6	Μεσσηνίων	Μεσσήνιος	PROPN	Propn_Gen_Masc_Plur	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	1 λογάδες	nmod	high	partitive/genitive of λογάδες
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	5 ἦσαν	punct	high
8	ἡλικίαν	ἡλικία	NOUN	Noun_Acc_Fem_Sing	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 γεγονότες	obj	high	accusative of respect with γεγονότες
9	τε	τε	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	10 γεγονότες	cc	medium	postpositive coordinator
10	γεγονότες	γίγνομαι	VERB	V- Perf-Act-Part-Nom-MPl	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Act	1 λογάδες	conj	high	supplementary participle modifying λογάδες
11	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκεῖνος	PRON	Pron_Dat_Masc_Sing	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	10 γεγονότες	obl	high	reference point for ἡλικίαν
12	τὴν	ὁ	DET	Art_Acc_Fem_Sing	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 αὐτὴν	det	high
13	αὐτὴν	αὐτός	PRON	Pron_Acc_Fem_Sing	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Emp	8 ἡλικίαν	amod	high	intensive/equative αὐτήν
14	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	18 νομίζων	cc	high
15	ἕκαστος	ἕκαστος	PRON	Pron_Nom_Masc_Sing	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Ind	18 νομίζων	nsubj	high
16	προτετιμῆσθαι	προτιμάω	VERB	V- Perf- MidInf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Mid	18 νομίζων	xcomp	high	perfect middle infinitive, understood subject ἕκαστος
17	μεγάλως	μεγάλως	ADV	Adv	_	16 προτετιμῆσθαι	advmod	high
18	νομίζων	νομίζω	VERB	V- Pres-Act-Part-Nom-MSing	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	10 γεγονότες	conj	high	subject is each individual; coordinated participial clause
19	ὅτι	ὅτι	SCONJ	Conj_Sub	_	20 ἠξίωτο	mark	high
20	ἠξίωτο	ἀξιόω	VERB	V- Plupf-MidInd-3Sing	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pluperf\|Voice=Mid	18 νομίζων	ccomp	medium	pluperfect middle/passive; subject is ἕκαστος
21	Ἀριστομένει	Ἀριστομένης	PROPN	Propn_Dat_Masc_Sing	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	22 συντετάχθαι	obl	high	dative with συντάσσω
22	συντετάχθαι	συντάσσω	VERB	V- Perf- MidInf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Mid	20 ἠξίωτο	xcomp	high	complement of ἠξίωτο
23	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	5 ἦσαν	punct	high
24	ἦσαν	εἰμί	AUX	V- Impf-Act-Ind-3Pl	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	5 ἦσαν	conj	high	second coordinated clause
25	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	24 ἦσαν	cc	high
26	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	30 δεινοὶ	cc	high	coordinates predicate complement
27	αἰσθέσθαι	αἰσθάνομαι	VERB	V- Aor-MidInf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	30 δεινοὶ	xcomp	high	infinitive complement of δεινοί
28	διʼ	διά	ADP	Prep	_	29 ὀλίγου	case	high
29	ὀλίγου	ὀλίγος	ADJ	Adj_Gen_Masc_Sing	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	27 αἰσθέσθαι	obl	high	διά with genitive: in a short time
30	δεινοὶ	δεινός	ADJ	Adj_Nom_Masc_Plur	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	24 ἦσαν	xcomp	high	predicate adjective with infinitive complement
31	τά	ὁ	DET	Art_Acc_Neut_Plur	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	34 ἀλλήλων	det	high
32	τε	τε	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	34 ἀλλήλων	cc	high
33	παρʼ	παρά	ADP	Prep	_	34 ἀλλήλων	case	high	παρά with genitive
34	ἀλλήλων	ἀλλήλων	PRON	Pron_Gen_Masc_Plur	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Rcp	27 αἰσθέσθαι	obj	high	elliptical τά; things from one another
35	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	31 τά	cc	high
36	μάλιστα	μάλιστα	ADV	Adv_Sup	Degree=Sup	37 ἐκείνου	advmod	high
37	ἐκείνου	ἐκεῖνος	PRON	Pron_Gen_Masc_Sing	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	34 ἀλλήλων	conj	medium	elliptical παρʼ ἐκείνου, coordinated with ἀλλήλων
38	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	39 ἀρχομένου	cc	high
39	ἀρχομένου	ἄρχομαι	VERB	V- Pres-Mid-Part-Gen-MSing	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	41 δρᾶν	advcl	medium	genitive absolute-like temporal circumstance with ἐκείνου understood
40	τι	τις	PRON	Pron_Acc_Neut_Sing	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Ind	41 δρᾶν	obj	high
41	δρᾶν	δράω	VERB	V- Pres-Act-Inf	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	27 αἰσθέσθαι	conj	medium	coordinated infinitive; subject understood as the men/Ἀριστομένης context
42	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Conj_Coord	_	44 μέλλοντος	cc	high
43	ἔτι	ἔτι	ADV	Adv	_	44 μέλλοντος	advmod	high
44	μέλλοντος	μέλλω	VERB	V- Pres-Act-Part-Gen-MSing	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	41 δρᾶν	conj	medium	genitive participle, coordinated with ἀρχομένου; understood subject ἐκεῖνος
45	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	24 ἦσαν	punct	high

Sentence 3

4.16.3 sentence 3

Tokens: 39
Input: 961
Output: 2,856
Total: 3,817

οὗτοι μὲν πρῶτον καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ Ἀριστομένης πόνον εἶχον πολὺν κατʼ Ἀνάξανδρον καὶ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τεταγμένοι τοὺς ἀρίστους· λαμβάνοντες δὲ τραύματα ἀφειδῶς καὶ ἐς πᾶν προϊόντες ἀπονοίας τῷ τε χρόνῳ καὶ τοῖς τολμήμασιν ἐτρέψαντο τοὺς περὶ Ἀνάξανδρον.

The sentence has an initial coordinated subject οὗτοι καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ Ἀριστομένης with εἶχον; τεταγμένοι is a predicative participle, likely agreeing with the subject and taking τοὺς ἀρίστους as its object. The second participial chain λαμβάνοντες ... προϊόντες supplies the subject of ἐτρέψαντο; τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τοῖς τολμήμασιν are instrumental/dative means. Some attachment details, especially κατʼ Ἀνάξανδρον and τεταγμένοι, are syntactically uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	οὗτοι	οὗτος	PRON	RD--NM-P	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Dem	9 εἶχον	nsubj	high
2	μὲν	μέν	PART	X--------	_	9 εἶχον	discourse	high
3	πρῶτον	πρῶτος	ADV	A----NA-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	9 εἶχον	advmod	medium	Adverbial accusative, 'at first'.
4	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	5 αὐτοὶ	cc	high
5	αὐτοὶ	αὐτός	PRON	P---NM-P	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Prs	9 εἶχον	conj	high	Intensive/reflexive pronoun, coordinated with οὗτοι.
6	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	7 Ἀριστομένης	cc	high
7	Ἀριστομένης	Ἀριστομένης	PROPN	Ne--NM-S	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|NameType=Giv\|Number=Sing	9 εἶχον	conj	high
8	πόνον	πόνος	NOUN	N---AM-S	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	9 εἶχον	obj	high
9	εἶχον	ἔχω	VERB	V--IAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
10	πολὺν	πολύς	ADJ	A---AM-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	8 πόνον	amod	high
11	κατʼ	κατά	ADP	R--------	_	12 Ἀνάξανδρον	case	high
12	Ἀνάξανδρον	Ἀνάξανδρος	PROPN	Ne--AM-S	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|NameType=Giv\|Number=Sing	8 πόνον	obl	medium	κατά + accusative denotes opposition/direction against.
13	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	16 τεταγμένοι	cc	high
14	τῶν	ὁ	DET	L---GMP-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	15 Λακεδαιμονίων	det	high
15	Λακεδαιμονίων	Λακεδαιμόνιος	NOUN	A---GMP-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	16 τεταγμένοι	obl	medium	Genitive with τεταγμένοι, likely source/group from which the best men were arrayed.
16	τεταγμένοι	τάσσω	VERB	V-RPPNM-P	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	9 εἶχον	advcl	medium	Predicative/periphrastic participle; exact relation to εἶχον is uncertain.
17	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	L---AMP-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	18 ἀρίστους	det	high
18	ἀρίστους	ἄριστος	ADJ	A---AM-P	Case=Acc\|Degree=Sup\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	16 τεταγμένοι	obj	medium	Substantivized superlative, 'the best men'.
19	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	9 εἶχον	punct	high
20	λαμβάνοντες	λαμβάνω	VERB	V-PAPNM-P	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	35 ἐτρέψαντο	advcl	high
21	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	20 λαμβάνοντες	discourse	high
22	τραύματα	τραῦμα	NOUN	N---AP-P	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	20 λαμβάνοντες	obj	high
23	ἀφειδῶς	ἀφειδῶς	ADV	D--------	_	20 λαμβάνοντες	advmod	high
24	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	27 προϊόντες	cc	high
25	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	26 πᾶν	case	high
26	πᾶν	πᾶς	ADJ	A---NA-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	27 προϊόντες	obl	medium	Substantivized neuter accusative, probably 'to every extreme/full extent'.
27	προϊόντες	πρόειμι	VERB	V-PAPNM-P	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	35 ἐτρέψαντο	advcl	high	Coordinated participle with λαμβάνοντες.
28	ἀπονοίας	ἀπόνοια	NOUN	N---GF-S	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	27 προϊόντες	obl	medium	Genitive dependent on προϊόντες, 'in recklessness/desperation'.
29	τῷ	ὁ	DET	L---DM-S	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	31 χρόνῳ	det	high
30	τε	τε	CCONJ	C--------	_	31 χρόνῳ	cc	high	First member of τε ... καί.
31	χρόνῳ	χρόνος	NOUN	N---DM-S	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	35 ἐτρέψαντο	obl	high	Dative of means/circumstance.
32	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	34 τολμήμασιν	cc	high
33	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	L---DN-P	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	34 τολμήμασιν	det	high
34	τολμήμασιν	τόλμημα	NOUN	N---DN-P	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	35 ἐτρέψαντο	obl	high	Second dative of means; coordinated with χρόνῳ.
35	ἐτρέψαντο	τρέπω	VERB	V-AIMI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	9 εἶχον	conj	high	Finite verb coordinated with εἶχον.
36	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	L---AMP-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	38 Ἀνάξανδρον	det	high
37	περὶ	περί	ADP	R--------	_	38 Ἀνάξανδρον	case	high
38	Ἀνάξανδρον	Ἀνάξανδρος	PROPN	Ne--AM-S	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|NameType=Giv\|Number=Sing	35 ἐτρέψαντο	obj	high	περί + accusative, 'those around Anaxander'.
39	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	35 ἐτρέψαντο	punct	high

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