Grammar parses for passage 4.16.4
Open translation for this passage
τούτοις μὲν δὴ φεύγουσι διώκειν ἐπέταξεν ὁ Ἀριστομένης ἕτερον τῶν Μεσσηνίων λόχον·
The clause begins with a dative participial phrase; the participle form φεύγουσι is ambiguous on the surface but is best taken as participial here with τούτοις.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | PD-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem | 4 φεύγουσι | nsubj | high | Dative with φεύγουσι, likely dative of agent/interest; parsed as subject of the participle. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 φεύγουσι | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 φεύγουσι | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | φεύγουσι | φεύγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 ἐπέταξεν | advcl | high | Participial/finite-form ambiguity in spelling; here taken as present active participle agreeing with τούτοις. |
| 5 | διώκειν | διώκω | VERB | V-PAN | Aspect=Imp|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 6 ἐπέταξεν | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive of ἐπέταξεν. |
| 6 | ἐπέταξεν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀριστομένης | det | high | Article with personal name. |
| 8 | Ἀριστομένης | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέταξεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπέταξεν. |
| 9 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | a-s---an- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 λόχον | amod | high | Attributive modifier of λόχον. |
| 10 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article with genitive modifier. |
| 11 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | a-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 λόχον | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of λόχον. |
| 12 | λόχον | λόχος | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 διώκειν | obj | high | Object of διώκειν. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
αὐτὸς δὲ ὁρμήσας πρὸς τὸ μάλιστα ἀνθεστηκός, ὡς ἐβιάσατο καὶ τούτους, ἐπʼ ἄλλους ἐτράπετο αὖθις.
The syntax is mainly a participial frame before the main verb: ὁρμήσας takes a prepositional complement, followed by a temporal/circumstantial ὡς-clause, then the main finite verb ἐτράπετο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3msn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Strength=Strong | 3 ὁρμήσας | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | Pt | _ | 3 ὁρμήσας | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁρμήσας | ὁρμάω | VERB | AAPNSM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 ἐτράπετο | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle; attached to main finite verb. |
| 4 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R | _ | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | AtSNS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | det | high | Article with substantivized participle. |
| 6 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D | _ | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | advmod | high | Modifies participle. |
| 7 | ἀνθεστηκός | ἀνθίστημι | VERB | V-RAP-SN | Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 πρὸς | obl | medium | Substantivized participle after article; case agreement is somewhat uncertain in context. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 9 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Cn | _ | 10 ἐβιάσατο | mark | high | Introduces a temporal/circumstantial clause. |
| 10 | ἐβιάσατο | βιάζω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 16 ἐτράπετο | advcl | high | Finite subordinate clause. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 12 τούτους | cc | high | Coordinates with preceding object. |
| 12 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | Pd--apm | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 10 ἐβιάσατο | obj | high | Direct object of ἐβιάσατο. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 14 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R | _ | 15 ἄλλους | case | high | Elided preposition. |
| 15 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A----am | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐτράπετο | obl | high | Prepositional object. |
| 16 | ἐτράπετο | τρέπω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 17 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | D | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the main verb. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ταχὺ δὲ καὶ τούτους ὠσάμενος ἑτοιμότερον ἤδη πρὸς τοὺς ὑπομένοντας ἐπεφέρετο, ἐς ὃ πᾶσαν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τὴν τάξιν καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων συνέχεε·
The main syntactic challenge is the embedded limit clause introduced by ἐς ὃ, with ἐπεφέρετο depending adverbially on συνέχεε and several genitive modifiers attached to τάξιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταχὺ | ταχύς | ADV | D | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advmod | high | Adverbial use modifying the motion verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 4 τούτους | cc | high | Connects τούτους with an understood prior object or coordination context. |
| 4 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | Pd | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem | 5 ὠσάμενος | obj | high | Demonstrative pronoun as object of ὠσάμενος. |
| 5 | ὠσάμενος | ὠθέω | VERB | V--PMPM- | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advcl | high | Aorist middle participle, circumstantial/adverbial to ἐπεφέρετο. |
| 6 | ἑτοιμότερον | ἑτοίμως | ADV | D | Degree=Cmp | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advmod | medium | Comparative adverb modifying ἐπεφέρετο; form could be read adjectivally in other contexts. |
| 7 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 8 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R | _ | 10 ὑπομένοντας | case | high | Marks prepositional phrase. |
| 9 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | Rd | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ὑπομένοντας | det | high | Article modifying ὑπομένοντας. |
| 10 | ὑπομένοντας | ὑπομένω | VERB | V--PAPAM- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | obl | high | Participle functioning substantively within the prepositional phrase. |
| 11 | ἐπεφέρετο | ἐπιφέρω | VERB | V-3SIII-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 25 συνέχεε | advcl | high | Imperfect middle deponent finite verb; subordinate to συνέχεε via ἐς ὅ. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 25 συνέχεε | mark | high | Introduces clause of limit/purpose with ὅ. |
| 14 | ὃ | ὅς | PRON | Pc | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 25 συνέχεε | obl | high | Relative pronoun, functioning with the preposition ἐς. |
| 15 | πᾶσαν | πᾶς | ADJ | A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 τάξιν | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying τάξιν. |
| 16 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Rd | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Λακεδαιμονίων | det | high | Article with Λακεδαιμονίων. |
| 17 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Ne | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 τάξιν | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of τάξιν. |
| 18 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Rd | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 τάξιν | det | high | Article with τάξιν. |
| 19 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 συνέχεε | obj | high | Direct object of συνέχεε. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 21 αὐτῶν | cc | high | Coordinates genitive dependents. |
| 21 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | Pd | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 19 τάξιν | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of τάξιν; likely referring to the Spartans themselves. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 23 τῶν | cc | high | Coordinates the following genitive phrase. |
| 23 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Rd | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 συμμάχων | det | high | Article with συμμάχων. |
| 24 | συμμάχων | σύμμαχος | NOUN | N- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 τάξιν | nmod | high | Second genitive modifier of τάξιν. |
| 25 | συνέχεε | συγχέω | VERB | V-3SIIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 συνέχεε | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
καὶ οὐχὶ σὺν αἰδοῖ φευγόντων οὐδὲ ἀναμένειν θελόντων ἔτι ἀλλήλους, ἐπέκειτό σφισι φοβερώτερος ἢ κατὰ ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς εἶναι μανίαν.
The clause opens with a genitive participial/infinitival setting phrase; the final comparative phrase is somewhat difficult, with εἶναι taking μανίαν as predicate complement and the κατὰ ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς phrase modifying that comparison.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking to prior clause. |
| 2 | οὐχὶ | οὐχί | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advmod | high | Negative particle modifying the following participial phrase. |
| 3 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | _ | _ | 4 αἰδοῖ | case | high | Preposition governing αἰδοῖ. |
| 4 | αἰδοῖ | αἰδώς | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 φευγόντων | obl | high | Dative object of σὺν. |
| 5 | φευγόντων | φεύγω | VERB | PAP-PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advcl | high | Genitive participle modifying the main clause, with ἀλλήλους as object or implied subject. |
| 6 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 ἀναμένειν | cc | high | Coordinates the infinitive phrase with the prior participial phrase. |
| 7 | ἀναμένειν | ἀναμένω | VERB | PNA | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advcl | high | Infinitive in coordination with φευγόντων. |
| 8 | θελόντων | ἐθέλω | VERB | PAP-PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advcl | high | Genitive participle depending on the main clause; likely part of the same genitive absolute-style construction. |
| 9 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐπέκειτό. |
| 10 | ἀλλήλους | ἀλλήλων | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀναμένειν | obj | medium | Object of ἀναμένειν; form is reciprocal pronoun. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 12 | ἐπέκειτό | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | VI3SIX | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 13 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐπέκειτό | obl | high | Dative of reference/interest. |
| 14 | φοβερώτερος | φοβερός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐπέκειτό | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective with ἐπέκειτό; agreement with implied subject understood as singular. |
| 15 | ἢ | ἤ | SCONJ | _ | _ | 14 φοβερώτερος | mark | high | Comparator introducing comparative phrase. |
| 16 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 17 ἀνδρὸς | case | high | Preposition with genitive. |
| 17 | ἀνδρὸς | ἀνήρ | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 μανίαν | nmod | medium | Part of the phrase modifying μανίαν; syntactic attachment somewhat uncertain. |
| 18 | ἑνὸς | εἷς | NUM | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνδρὸς | nummod | high | Numeral modifying ἀνδρός. |
| 19 | εἶναι | εἰμί | VERB | PNA | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 20 μανίαν | acl | medium | Infinitival complement in the comparative construction. |
| 20 | μανίαν | μανία | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 εἶναι | obj | medium | Accusative complement of εἶναι; likely the predicate noun of the infinitive phrase. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | punct | high | Punctuation. |