Grammar parses for passage 4.16.4
Open translation for this passage
τούτοις μὲν δὴ φεύγουσι διώκειν ἐπέταξεν ὁ Ἀριστομένης ἕτερον τῶν Μεσσηνίων λόχον·
The construction means that Aristomenes ordered another Messenian company to pursue these men while they were fleeing; τούτοις is dative with ἐπέταξεν, and φεύγουσι is a circumstantial participle agreeing with it.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | PD-Dat.Pl.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 6 ἐπέταξεν | iobj | high | Dative of the soldiers to whom the order is given. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G--------- | _ | 6 ἐπέταξεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G--------- | _ | 6 ἐπέταξεν | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | φεύγουσι | φεύγω | VERB | V-PPAP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 τούτοις | acl | medium | Present active participle agreeing with τούτοις, circumstantial with the infinitive. |
| 5 | διώκειν | διώκω | VERB | V-PNA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ἐπέταξεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἐπέταξεν. |
| 6 | ἐπέταξεν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀριστομένης | det | high | Article with the proper name. |
| 8 | Ἀριστομένης | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπέταξεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπέταξεν. |
| 9 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-AMS | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 λόχον | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of λόχον. |
| 10 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article with Μεσσηνίων. |
| 11 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 λόχον | nmod | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective, dependent on λόχον. |
| 12 | λόχον | λόχος | NOUN | N-AMS | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 διώκειν | obj | high | Object of διώκειν. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπέταξεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
αὐτὸς δὲ ὁρμήσας πρὸς τὸ μάλιστα ἀνθεστηκός, ὡς ἐβιάσατο καὶ τούτους, ἐπʼ ἄλλους ἐτράπετο αὖθις.
αὐτός is the nominative subject; ὁρμήσας is a circumstantial participle. The substantivized perfect participle τὸ ἀνθεστηκός is the object of πρὸς, with μάλιστα modifying it. ὡς introduces the completed action clause; ἐπʼ ἄλλους is a directional complement of ἐτράπετο. The antecedent of τούτους is the resistant group, while ἄλλους is substantivized.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | A-PNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 16 ἐτράπετο | nsubj | high | Intensive pronoun used substantivally as subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁρμήσας | ὁρμάω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 ἐτράπετο | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist participle agreeing with αὐτός. |
| 4 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative substantivized participle. |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | det | high | Article substantivizing ἀνθεστηκός. |
| 6 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 7 ἀνθεστηκός | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying ἀνθεστηκός. |
| 7 | ἀνθεστηκός | ἀνθίστημι | VERB | V-RAP-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 ὁρμήσας | obl | medium | Perfect active participle, substantivized; πρὸς τὸ ἀνθεστηκός means toward what was most resistant. Exact lexical parsing of the perfect form is somewhat uncertain. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ὁρμήσας | punct | high | |
| 9 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 10 ἐβιάσατο | mark | medium | Introduces a temporal/sequential subordinate clause, approximately 'when/after'. |
| 10 | ἐβιάσατο | βιάζομαι | VERB | V-ADI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 16 ἐτράπετο | advcl | high | Aorist middle indicative with αὐτός as understood subject. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἐβιάσατο | cc | high | Coordinates τούτους with an implicit prior object/group. |
| 12 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | P-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 10 ἐβιάσατο | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐβιάσατο. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἐβιάσατο | punct | high | |
| 14 | ἐπʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 ἄλλους | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί governing the accusative. |
| 15 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 16 ἐτράπετο | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, directional accusative after ἐπί. |
| 16 | ἐτράπετο | τρέπω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 17 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | advmod | high | Adverb meaning again. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐτράπετο | punct | high |
ταχὺ δὲ καὶ τούτους ὠσάμενος ἑτοιμότερον ἤδη πρὸς τοὺς ὑπομένοντας ἐπεφέρετο, ἐς ὃ πᾶσαν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τὴν τάξιν καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων συνέχεε·
The subject of ἐπεφέρετο is implicit from context; ἐς ὃ introduces the result endpoint, with ὃ referring forward/back to the ensuing event. συνέχεε is imperfect, with πᾶσαν ... τὴν τάξιν as object and τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ... τῶν συμμάχων as genitives of the groups composing the line.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταχὺ | ταχύς | ADV | ADV | Degree=Pos | 6 ἑτοιμότερον | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative used as an adverb, ‘quickly’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 τούτους | advmod | high | Coordinating/adverbial καί modifying the demonstrative phrase. |
| 4 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | PD-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 5 ὠσάμενος | obj | high | Object of ὠσάμενος. |
| 5 | ὠσάμενος | ὠθέω | VERB | V-AMP-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advcl | high | Aorist middle participle, circumstantial to ἐπεφέρετο. |
| 6 | ἑτοιμότερον | ἑτοίμως | ADV | ADV-CMP | Degree=Cmp | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advmod | high | Comparative adverb, ‘more readily/with greater readiness’. |
| 7 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | advmod | high | |
| 8 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 ὑπομένοντας | case | high | |
| 9 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | DA-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ὑπομένοντας | det | high | |
| 10 | ὑπομένοντας | ὑπομένω | VERB | V-PAP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | obl | high | Substantivized present participle governed by πρός. |
| 11 | ἐπεφέρετο | ἐπιφέρω | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect middle finite verb; subject is implicit. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 ὃ | case | high | Introduces a temporal/result endpoint clause with ὅ. |
| 14 | ὃ | ὅς | PRON | RR-ANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 25 συνέχεε | mark | medium | Relative element in ἐς ὅ, functioning as a conjunction-like endpoint marker; exact antecedent is context-dependent. |
| 15 | πᾶσαν | πᾶς | ADJ | AFA-ASF | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 τάξιν | amod | high | |
| 16 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | DGP | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Λακεδαιμονίων | det | high | |
| 17 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | APG | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 τάξιν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on τάξιν. |
| 18 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | D-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 τάξιν | det | high | |
| 19 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 συνέχεε | obj | high | Object of συνέχεε. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 αὐτῶν | cc | high | |
| 21 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | RP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 24 συμμάχων | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent within the coordinated group description; antecedent is contextually recoverable. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 συμμάχων | cc | high | |
| 23 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | DGP | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 συμμάχων | det | high | |
| 24 | συμμάχων | σύμμαχος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 Λακεδαιμονίων | conj | high | Coordinated genitive with Λακεδαιμονίων. |
| 25 | συνέχεε | συγχέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 14 ὃ | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the endpoint/result construction introduced by ἐς ὅ. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 11 ἐπεφέρετο | punct | high |
καὶ οὐχὶ σὺν αἰδοῖ φευγόντων οὐδὲ ἀναμένειν θελόντων ἔτι ἀλλήλους, ἐπέκειτό σφισι φοβερώτερος ἢ κατὰ ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς εἶναι μανίαν.
The sentence is syntactically compressed: coordinated genitive participles frame the main clause, while φοβερώτερος introduces an elliptical comparison involving εἶναι and μανίαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | cc | high | |
| 2 | οὐχὶ | οὐχί | PART | _ | Polarity=Neg | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advmod | high | |
| 3 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | _ | _ | 4 αἰδοῖ | case | high | |
| 4 | αἰδοῖ | αἰδώς | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 φευγόντων | obl | high | |
| 5 | φευγόντων | φεύγω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advcl | medium | Genitive participial circumstance; exact attachment within the coordinated construction is somewhat uncertain. |
| 6 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | _ | Polarity=Neg | 7 ἀναμένειν | cc | high | |
| 7 | ἀναμένειν | ἀναμένω | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 θελόντων | xcomp | medium | Infinitive coordinated with the participial circumstance and dependent on θελόντων. |
| 8 | θελόντων | θέλω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 ἐπέκειτό | advcl | medium | Coordinated genitive participle. |
| 9 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | _ | _ | 7 ἀναμένειν | advmod | medium | Adverb modifies the infinitival notion of continuing to wait. |
| 10 | ἀλλήλους | ἀλλήλων | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀναμένειν | obj | high | |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἐπέκειτό | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 12 ἐπέκειτό | iobj | high | |
| 14 | φοβερώτερος | φοβερός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐπέκειτό | xcomp | medium | Predicative comparative adjective with an understood masculine singular subject. |
| 15 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 φοβερώτερος | cc | high | |
| 16 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 17 ἀνδρὸς | case | high | |
| 17 | ἀνδρὸς | ἀνήρ | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 μανίαν | obl | high | |
| 18 | ἑνὸς | εἷς | NUM | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνδρὸς | amod | high | |
| 19 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 μανίαν | cop | high | |
| 20 | μανίαν | μανία | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 φοβερώτερος | obl | medium | Accusative with εἶναι in the comparative phrase; construction is syntactically compressed. |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐπέκειτό | punct | high |