Grammar parses for passage 4.16.8
Open translation for this passage
συλλέξας δὲ ἄλλους τε τῶν Μεσσηνίων καὶ τοὺς περὶ ἑαυτὸν ἅμα ἔχων λογάδας, φυλάξας τὰ μετὰ ἑσπέραν ἦλθεν ἐπὶ πόλιν τῆς Λακωνικῆς, τὸ μὲν ἀρχαῖον ὄνομα καὶ ἐν Ὁμήρου καταλόγῳ Φᾶριν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ προσοίκων καλουμένην Φαράς·
The participial chain (συλλέξας, ἔχων, φυλάξας) modifies the implicit subject of ἦλθεν; λογάδας is the object/complement of ἔχων. The final accusative phrase renames πόλιν, with καλουμένην agreeing with πόλιν and Φαράς as its predicate name.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | συλλέξας | συλλέγω | VERB | VAAP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 19 ἦλθεν | advcl | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 συλλέξας | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 συλλέξας | obj | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἄλλους | cc | high | |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἄλλους | nmod | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 τοὺς | cc | high | |
| 8 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἑαυτὸν | det | high | |
| 9 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | _ | 10 ἑαυτὸν | case | high | |
| 10 | ἑαυτὸν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-ASM-3S | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 12 ἔχων | obl | high | Object of περί; phrase means those around him. |
| 11 | ἅμα | ἅμα | ADV | D | _ | 12 ἔχων | advmod | high | |
| 12 | ἔχων | ἔχω | VERB | VPPASNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 συλλέξας | advcl | high | |
| 13 | λογάδας | λογάς | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἔχων | obj | high | Select troops/elite men; appositional or predicative complement to the object is possible. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 συλλέξας | punct | high | |
| 15 | φυλάξας | φυλάσσω | VERB | VAAP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 19 ἦλθεν | advcl | high | |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 μετὰ | det | high | |
| 17 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | P | _ | 18 ἑσπέραν | case | high | With accusative, temporal meaning: after. |
| 18 | ἑσπέραν | ἑσπέρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 φυλάξας | obl | high | The article τὰ belongs to the temporal phrase τὰ μετὰ ἑσπέραν. |
| 19 | ἦλθεν | ἔρχομαι | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 20 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 21 πόλιν | case | high | With accusative, directional. |
| 21 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ἦλθεν | obl | high | |
| 22 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 Λακωνικῆς | det | high | |
| 23 | Λακωνικῆς | Λακωνικός | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 πόλιν | nmod | high | Substantive feminine adjective: Laconia/Laconian region. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 πόλιν | punct | high | |
| 25 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ὄνομα | det | high | |
| 26 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PRT | _ | 28 ὄνομα | discourse | high | Correlative μέν anticipates δέ. |
| 27 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ὄνομα | amod | high | |
| 28 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 33 Φᾶριν | obl | medium | Accusative phrase introduces the former name; syntactically dependent on the naming construction. |
| 29 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 Ὁμήρου | cc | high | |
| 30 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 32 καταλόγῳ | case | high | |
| 31 | Ὁμήρου | Ὅμηρος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 καταλόγῳ | nmod | high | |
| 32 | καταλόγῳ | κατάλογος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ὄνομα | obl | high | |
| 33 | Φᾶριν | Φᾶρις | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 πόλιν | appos | high | Former name of πόλιν. |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 Φᾶριν | punct | high | |
| 35 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P | _ | 38 Σπαρτιατῶν | case | high | Agent of καλουμένην. |
| 36 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 41 καλουμένην | cc | high | Correlative with μέν. |
| 37 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 38 Σπαρτιατῶν | det | high | |
| 38 | Σπαρτιατῶν | Σπαρτιάτης | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 41 καλουμένην | obl | high | Agent of the passive participle. |
| 39 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 40 προσοίκων | cc | high | |
| 40 | προσοίκων | προσοῖκος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 38 Σπαρτιατῶν | conj | high | Substantivized adjective, coordinated with Σπαρτιατῶν. |
| 41 | καλουμένην | καλέω | VERB | V-PPF-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 21 πόλιν | acl | high | Agrees with πόλιν; predicative naming participle. |
| 42 | Φαράς | Φαραί | PROPN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 41 καλουμένην | xcomp | medium | Predicate name after καλουμένην; plural form Φαράς. |
| 43 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἦλθεν | punct | high |
ἐπὶ ταύτην ἀφικόμενος τούς τε πειρωμένους ἀμύνεσθαι διέφθειρε καὶ λείαν περιβαλλόμενος ἀπήλαυνεν ἐς τὴν Μεσσήνην.
Aorist participle ἀφικόμενος is temporal/circumstantial with an implicit masculine subject; τούς ... πειρωμένους is the object of διέφθειρε, while λείαν is the object of περιβαλλόμενος and ἀπήλαυνεν has an implicit subject coreferential with the participles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 2 ταύτην | case | high | |
| 2 | ταύτην | οὗτος | PRON | PD-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 ἀφικόμενος | obl | high | Object of motion with ἐπί. |
| 3 | ἀφικόμενος | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 8 διέφθειρε | advcl | high | Circumstantial/temporal participle. |
| 4 | τούς | ὁ | DET | DA-AM-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 πειρωμένους | det | high | |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 διέφθειρε | cc | medium | Correlative τε links the two coordinated predicates. |
| 6 | πειρωμένους | πειράομαι | VERB | V-PMP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 8 διέφθειρε | obj | high | Substantivized participle, object of διέφθειρε. |
| 7 | ἀμύνεσθαι | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-PMN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 6 πειρωμένους | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on πειρωμένους. |
| 8 | διέφθειρε | διαφθείρω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἀπήλαυνεν | cc | high | Coordinates ἀπήλαυνεν with διέφθειρε. |
| 10 | λείαν | λεία | NOUN | N-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 περιβαλλόμενος | obj | high | Loot, object of περιβαλλόμενος. |
| 11 | περιβαλλόμενος | περιβάλλω | VERB | V-PMP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 12 ἀπήλαυνεν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle, likely ‘taking/carrying off booty’; syntax may be construed closely with ἀπήλαυνεν. |
| 12 | ἀπήλαυνεν | ἀπελαύνω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 8 διέφθειρε | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; subject implicit and coreferential. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 15 Μεσσήνην | case | high | |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | DA-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 Μεσσήνην | det | high | |
| 15 | Μεσσήνην | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|NameType=Geo|Number=Sing | 12 ἀπήλαυνεν | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 8 διέφθειρε | punct | high |
Λακεδαιμονίων δὲ ὁπλιτῶν καὶ Ἀναξάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιθεμένων καθʼ ὁδόν, ἐτρέψατό τε καὶ τούτους καὶ διώκειν τὸν Ἀνάξανδρον ὥρμητο·
Genitive absolute Λακεδαιμονίων ὁπλιτῶν καὶ Ἀναξάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιθεμένων sets the circumstance; ἐτρέψατο has an omitted subject, and ὥρμητο governs the infinitive διώκειν. The form ἐπιθεμένων is morphologically ambiguous in isolation but is taken here as genitive plural aorist middle participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ὁπλιτῶν | amod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἐτρέψατό | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὁπλιτῶν | ὁπλίτης | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἐπιθεμένων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 Ἀναξάνδρου | cc | high | |
| 5 | Ἀναξάνδρου | Ἀνάξανδρος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπιθεμένων | nsubj | high | Co-subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 βασιλέως | det | high | |
| 7 | βασιλέως | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Ἀναξάνδρου | appos | high | Apposition to Ἀναξάνδρου. |
| 8 | ἐπιθεμένων | ἐπιτίθημι | VERB | V-AIM-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 12 ἐτρέψατό | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute participle; construed with plural genitive subjects. |
| 9 | καθʼ | κατά | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 ὁδόν | case | high | |
| 10 | ὁδόν | ὁδός | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπιθεμένων | obl | high | Accusative with κατά, idiomatic route expression. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 12 ἐτρέψατό | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἐτρέψατό | τρέπω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Subject is implicit from context. |
| 13 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἐτρέψατό | cc | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 τούτους | cc | high | |
| 15 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | P-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 12 ἐτρέψατό | obj | high | Object of ἐτρέψατο. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 διώκειν | cc | high | |
| 17 | διώκειν | διώκω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 20 ὥρμητο | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of ὥρμητο. |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 Ἀνάξανδρον | det | high | |
| 19 | Ἀνάξανδρον | Ἀνάξανδρος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 διώκειν | obj | high | Object of διώκειν. |
| 20 | ὥρμητο | ὁρμάω | VERB | V-YMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 12 ἐτρέψατό | conj | medium | Pluperfect middle, coordinated with ἐτρέψατο; governs διώκειν. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 12 ἐτρέψατό | punct | high |
βληθεὶς δὲ ἀκοντίῳ τὸν γλουτὸν τὴν δίωξιν ἐπέσχεν, οὐ μέντοι τὴν λείαν γε ἣν ἤλαυνεν ἀφῃρέθη.
The second clause is passive: τὴν λείαν is the subject of ἀφῃρέθη, with ἣν as its relative object in the preceding imperfect ἤλαυνεν; λείαν is understood as the object/thing being driven or carried off. The exact semantic role of τὴν δίωξιν with ἐπέσχεν is somewhat idiomatic but syntactically clear.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | βληθεὶς | βάλλω | VERB | V-PAAP-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 8 ἐπέσχεν | advcl | high | Aorist passive participle, circumstantial to ἐπέσχεν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 ἐπέσχεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἀκοντίῳ | ἀκόντιον | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 βληθεὶς | obl | high | Dative instrument: struck with a javelin. |
| 4 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 γλουτὸν | det | high | |
| 5 | γλουτὸν | γλουτός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 βληθεὶς | obj | high | Body-part object of the passive participle in a source-like construction. |
| 6 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 δίωξιν | det | high | |
| 7 | δίωξιν | δίωξις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπέσχεν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐπέσχεν: he stopped the pursuit. |
| 8 | ἐπέσχεν | ἐπέχω | VERB | V-IAAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main-clause finite verb. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐπέσχεν | punct | high | |
| 10 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 17 ἀφῃρέθη | advmod | high | Negates the passive verb. |
| 11 | μέντοι | μέντοι | PART | PART | _ | 17 ἀφῃρέθη | advmod | high | Adversative/concessive particle. |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 λείαν | det | high | |
| 13 | λείαν | λεία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἀφῃρέθη | nsubj:pass | medium | Feminine noun meaning booty; accusative form is morphologically unexpected for the passive subject, possibly reflecting textual/syntactic irregularity or an omitted understood construction. |
| 14 | γε | γε | PART | PART | _ | 13 λείαν | advmod | high | Emphatic particle modifying λείαν. |
| 15 | ἣν | ὅς | PRON | PR-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 16 ἤλαυνεν | obj | high | Relative pronoun, object of ἤλαυνεν; antecedent λείαν. |
| 16 | ἤλαυνεν | ἐλαύνω | VERB | V-IAAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 13 λείαν | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause verb modifying λείαν. |
| 17 | ἀφῃρέθη | ἀφαιρέω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 8 ἐπέσχεν | conj | high | Coordinated adversative clause; passive subject is τὴν λείαν despite its accusative form. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἀφῃρέθη | punct | high |