Grammar parses for passage 4.18.6
Open translation for this passage
τρίτῃ δὲ ὕστερον ἡμέρᾳ ψόφου τε αἰσθάνεται καὶ ἐκκαλυψάμενος---ἐδύνατο δὲ ἤδη διὰ τοῦ σκότους διορᾶν---ἀλώπεκα εἶδεν ἁπτομένην τῶν νεκρῶν.
The subject is implicit (the preceding male referent); αἰσθάνεται and εἶδεν are coordinated finite verbs. ἐκκαλυψάμενος is a circumstantial middle participle, while ἐδύνατο ... διορᾶν is parenthetical. The punctuation hyphens are retained as tokens and attached to the surrounding clause punctuation/root.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τρίτῃ | τρίτος | ADJ | A--DSF- | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἡμέρᾳ | amod | high | Ordinal modifying ἡμέρᾳ. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 αἰσθάνεται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 4 ἡμέρᾳ | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying ἡμέρᾳ. |
| 4 | ἡμέρᾳ | ἡμέρα | NOUN | N--DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 αἰσθάνεται | obl | high | Dative temporal adjunct. |
| 5 | ψόφου | ψόφος | NOUN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 αἰσθάνεται | obj | medium | Genitive object with αἰσθάνομαι, ‘perceive a sound’. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 αἰσθάνεται | cc | high | Correlative connective, pairing with καί. |
| 7 | αἰσθάνεται | αἰσθάνομαι | VERB | V3SPI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | First finite verb; subject is implicit. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 εἶδεν | cc | high | Coordinates εἶδεν with αἰσθάνεται. |
| 9 | ἐκκαλυψάμενος | ἐκκαλύπτω | VERB | V--AMPNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 13 ἐδύνατο | advcl | high | Circumstantial middle participle, subject co-referential with the implicit subject. |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 13 | ἐδύνατο | δύναμαι | VERB | V3SII--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 24 εἶδεν | parataxis | high | Parenthetical finite verb; διορᾶν is its infinitival complement. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | cc | high | Postpositive connective within the parenthesis. |
| 15 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying ἐδύνατο. |
| 16 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 σκότους | case | high | Preposition governing τοῦ σκότους. |
| 17 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L--GSM- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 σκότους | det | high | Article modifying σκότους. |
| 18 | σκότους | σκότος | NOUN | N--GSN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 διορᾶν | obl | high | Object of διά; phrase means ‘through the darkness’. |
| 19 | διορᾶν | διοράω | VERB | V--PAN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ἐδύνατο | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἐδύνατο. |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 22 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐδύνατο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 23 | ἀλώπεκα | ἀλώπηξ | NOUN | N--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 εἶδεν | obj | high | Accusative object of εἶδεν. |
| 24 | εἶδεν | ὁράω | VERB | V3SAIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 7 αἰσθάνεται | conj | high | Second coordinated finite verb; subject is implicit. |
| 25 | ἁπτομένην | ἅπτομαι | VERB | V--PMPAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 23 ἀλώπεκα | acl | high | Participial modifier of ἀλώπεκα; takes genitive τῶν νεκρῶν. |
| 26 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L--GPM- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 νεκρῶν | det | high | Article modifying νεκρῶν. |
| 27 | νεκρῶν | νεκρός | ADJ | A--GPM- | substantivized=Yes|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἁπτομένην | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, genitive complement of ἁπτομένην. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 εἶδεν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τῇ δὲ ἑτέρᾳ χειρί, ὁπότε ἐς αὐτὸν ἐπιστρέφοιτο, τὴν χλαμύδα προὔβαλλέν οἱ καὶ δάκνειν παρεῖχε.
The dative phrase τῇ ἑτέρᾳ χειρί is instrumental ('with the other hand'); ὁπότε introduces a temporal subordinate clause with optative ἐπιστρέφοιτο. προὔβαλλεν governs τὴν χλαμύδα as object and οἱ as a dative of involvement/recipient; παρεῖχε takes the complementary infinitive δάκνειν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 χειρί | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G- | _ | 17 παρεῖχε | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἑτέρᾳ | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 χειρί | amod | high | |
| 4 | χειρί | χείρ | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προὔβαλλέν | obl:instr | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 χειρί | punct | high | |
| 6 | ὁπότε | ὁπότε | SCONJ | D | _ | 9 ἐπιστρέφοιτο | mark | high | Temporal subordinator. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 8 αὐτὸν | case | high | |
| 8 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 9 ἐπιστρέφοιτο | obl | high | Object of ἐπιστρέφοιτο with directional εἰς. |
| 9 | ἐπιστρέφοιτο | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V-PIε3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 13 προὔβαλλέν | advcl | high | Temporal optative under ὁπότε. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπιστρέφοιτο | punct | high | |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 χλαμύδα | det | high | |
| 12 | χλαμύδα | χλαμύς | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προὔβαλλέν | obj | high | |
| 13 | προὔβαλλέν | προβάλλω | VERB | V-IAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 17 παρεῖχε | conj | high | Augmented imperfect with crasis/phonological contraction in προὔβαλλεν. |
| 14 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 13 προὔβαλλέν | iobj | medium | Dative pronoun, likely recipient/participant; form is homographic with the article. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G- | _ | 17 παρεῖχε | cc | high | |
| 16 | δάκνειν | δάκνω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 17 παρεῖχε | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive, subject understood from the construction. |
| 17 | παρεῖχε | παρέχω | VERB | V-IAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 παρεῖχε | punct | high |
τὰ μὲν δὴ πλείω θεούσῃ συνέθει, τὰ δὲ ἄγαν δυσέξοδα καὶ ἐφείλκετο ὑπʼ αὐτῆς·
The sentence contrasts what the subject made more passable with what was exceedingly difficult to get through and was dragged along by her; θεούσῃ is interpreted as a dative participle agreeing with an implicit feminine subject, while συνέθει is taken as an imperfect active verb from συντίθημι in the sense ‘made passable/arranged’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 συνέθει | obj | high | Neuter plural article substantivizing the first coordinated object. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 4 πλείω | advmod | high | Correlative particle introducing the first member. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 6 συνέθει | advmod | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | πλείω | πολύς | ADJ | A--NPA--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 συνέθει | obj | medium | Comparative neuter plural accusative, coordinated with τὰ δὲ δυσέξοδα; article plus adjective forms the object phrase. |
| 5 | θεούσῃ | θέω | VERB | V-PAPDSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 συνέθει | obl | low | Dative present active participle, probably agreeing with an implicit feminine agent/subject; exact construction is uncertain. |
| 6 | συνέθει | συντίθημι | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | low | Textual form is morphologically difficult; interpreted here as imperfect active third singular of συντίθημι, ‘made passable/arranged’. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 συνέθει | punct | high | |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T--NPA--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 δυσέξοδα | det | high | Article introducing the second coordinated object phrase. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 δυσέξοδα | cc | high | Correlative conjunction introducing the contrasting second member. |
| 10 | ἄγαν | ἄγαν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 11 δυσέξοδα | advmod | high | Degree adverb modifying δυσέξοδα. |
| 11 | δυσέξοδα | δυσέξοδος | ADJ | A--NPA--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 συνέθει | obj | medium | Neuter plural accusative adjective substantivized with τὰ, second object of συνέθει and antecedent for the later passive clause. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐφείλκετο | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite verb with συνέθει. |
| 13 | ἐφείλκετο | ἐφέλκω | VERB | V-IMI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 6 συνέθει | conj | medium | Imperfect middle third singular; subject is implicit feminine, with δυσέξοδα understood as the dragged material. |
| 14 | ὑπʼ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 αὐτῆς | case | high | Elided preposition governing the genitive agent. |
| 15 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P--GFS--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 13 ἐφείλκετο | obl:agent | high | Genitive feminine pronoun, agent of the passive-like middle construction. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 συνέθει | punct | high |
ὀψὲ δέ ποτε ὀπήν τε εἶδεν ἀλώπεκι ἐς διάδυσιν ἱκανὴν καὶ φέγγος διʼ αὐτῆς.
The subject is implicit (the fox); εἶδεν coordinates two objects, ὀπήν and φέγγος. ἀλώπεκι is a dative of comparison/reference with ἱκανήν understood as suitable for a fox, while ἐς διάδυσιν and διʼ αὐτῆς specify the aperture and the light passing through it.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὀψὲ | ὀψέ | ADV | D--- | Degree=Pos | 6 εἶδεν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 εἶδεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ποτε | ποτε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 6 εἶδεν | advmod | high | |
| 4 | ὀπήν | ὀπή | NOUN | N-------A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 εἶδεν | obj | high | |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 ὀπήν | cc | high | |
| 6 | εἶδεν | ὁράω | VERB | V---AAI-3S | Aspect=Perfective|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ἀλώπεκι | ἀλώπηξ | NOUN | N-------D | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἱκανὴν | obl | medium | Dative of comparison/reference; syntactically linked to the suitability phrase. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 διάδυσιν | case | high | |
| 9 | διάδυσιν | διάδυσις | NOUN | N-------A | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἱκανὴν | obl | high | Object of ἐς. |
| 10 | ἱκανὴν | ἱκανός | ADJ | A----A-FS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ὀπήν | amod | medium | Agrees with ὀπήν; the phrase ὀπήν ... ἱκανὴν ἐς διάδυσιν means an opening sufficient for passage. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 φέγγος | cc | high | |
| 12 | φέγγος | φέγγος | NOUN | N-------A | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 εἶδεν | obj | high | |
| 13 | διʼ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 αὐτῆς | case | high | Elided form of διά before a vowel. |
| 14 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P---GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 12 φέγγος | obl | high | Refers to ὀπήν. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 εἶδεν | punct | high |