Grammar parses for passage 4.20.10
Open translation for this passage
ἐπηκροᾶτο δὲ λέγοντος ὁ βουκόλος, καὶ ὡς ἀκριβῶς ἐπύθετο ἕκαστα, αὖθις ἐκ τῶν Μεσσηνίων ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἀφίκετο αὐτόμολος.
The participial phrase λέγοντος depends on ἐπηκροᾶτο; the ὡς-clause is an adverbial temporal/content clause subordinate to the subsequent arrival.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπηκροᾶτο | ἐπακροάομαι | VERB | V-PII-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Mid | 5 βουκόλος | acl | medium | Imperfect middle; governs the genitive participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐπηκροᾶτο | cc | high | |
| 3 | λέγοντος | λέγω | VERB | V-PAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 ἐπηκροᾶτο | obl | high | Genitive participle with ἐπακροάομαι, ‘while he was speaking’. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NMS | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 βουκόλος | det | high | |
| 5 | βουκόλος | βουκόλος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἀφίκετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀφίκετο; also controls ἐπηκροᾶτο. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπηκροᾶτο | punct | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 ἀφίκετο | cc | high | |
| 8 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἐπύθετο | mark | high | Introduces the temporal/content clause. |
| 9 | ἀκριβῶς | ἀκριβῶς | ADV | ADV | _ | 10 ἐπύθετο | advmod | high | |
| 10 | ἐπύθετο | πυνθάνομαι | VERB | V-AIM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Mid | 20 ἀφίκετο | advcl | high | Aorist middle; subject is the understood βουκόλος. |
| 11 | ἕκαστα | ἕκαστος | PRON | P-AAN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἐπύθετο | obj | high | Substantival neuter plural. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἐπύθετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | ADV | _ | 20 ἀφίκετο | advmod | high | |
| 14 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | Case=Gen | 16 Μεσσηνίων | case | high | |
| 15 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 16 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἀφίκετο | obl | high | Source/point of departure. |
| 17 | ἐς | ἐς | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 19 Λακεδαιμονίους | case | high | |
| 18 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | |
| 19 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἀφίκετο | obl | high | Goal/destination. |
| 20 | ἀφίκετο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-AIM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 21 | αὐτόμολος | αὐτόμολος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἀφίκετο | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective describing the subject’s defection. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἀφίκετο | punct | high |
Λακεδαιμονίοις δὲ οἱ μὲν βασιλεῖς ἀπὸ στρατοπέδου τηνικαῦτα ἀπῆσαν, πολεμαρχῶν δὲ τότε Ἐμπέραμος ὁ τοῦ βουκόλου δεσπότης προσεκάθητο τῇ Εἴρᾳ.
Two coordinated clauses: the dative Λακεδαιμονίοις is a framing dative for the first clause; Ἐμπέραμος is subject of προσεκάθητο, with πολεμαρχῶν as a concessive/temporal circumstantial participle. The exact force of πολεμαρχῶν is somewhat context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A- -DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπῆσαν | obl | high | Dative of reference/frame. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἀπῆσαν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | R-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 βασιλεῖς | det | high | Article with βασιλεῖς. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 9 ἀπῆσαν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with δέ. |
| 5 | βασιλεῖς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπῆσαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπῆσαν. |
| 6 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 στρατοπέδου | case | high | Preposition governing στρατοπέδου. |
| 7 | στρατοπέδου | στρατόπεδον | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἀπῆσαν | obl | high | Source/separation complement of ἀπῆσαν. |
| 8 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 ἀπῆσαν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 9 | ἀπῆσαν | ἄπειμι | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | First coordinated clause predicate. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπῆσαν | punct | high | |
| 11 | πολεμαρχῶν | πολεμαρχέω | VERB | V-PAPNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 προσεκάθητο | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle, likely temporal or concessive: 'while/although serving as polemarch'. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 προσεκάθητο | cc | high | Connective particle introducing the second clause. |
| 13 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 19 προσεκάθητο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 14 | Ἐμπέραμος | Ἐμπέραμος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 προσεκάθητο | nsubj | high | Personal name; subject of προσεκάθητο. |
| 15 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | R-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 δεσπότης | det | high | Article with δεσπότης. |
| 16 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | R-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 βουκόλου | det | high | Article with βουκόλου. |
| 17 | βουκόλου | βουκόλος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 δεσπότης | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on δεσπότης. |
| 18 | δεσπότης | δεσπότης | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 Ἐμπέραμος | appos | high | Apposition to Ἐμπέραμος: master of the cowherd. |
| 19 | προσεκάθητο | προσκατάθημαι | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 9 ἀπῆσαν | conj | high | Second coordinated clause predicate. |
| 20 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | R-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 Εἴρᾳ | det | high | Article with Εἴρᾳ. |
| 21 | Εἴρᾳ | Εἴρα | PROPN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 προσεκάθητο | obl | high | Dative complement/location with προσεκάθητο. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπῆσαν | punct | high |
ἀφικόμενος οὖν ἐς τοῦτον πρῶτα μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τῷ δρασμῷ παρῃτεῖτο ἁμάρτημα, δεύτερα δὲ ἀνεδίδασκεν ὡς τὴν Εἶραν ἐν τῷ παρόντι μάλιστα αἱρήσουσιν, αὐτὰ ἕκαστα ὁπόσα ᾔσθετο τοῦ Μεσσηνίου διηγούμενος.
The sentence has coordinated imperfect verbs (παρῃτεῖτο ... ἀνεδίδασκεν); διηγούμενος is a final/explanatory participle, with ὁπόσα ᾔσθετο τοῦ Μεσσηνίου embedded in its content.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀφικόμενος | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V--PMPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | advcl | high | Aorist middle circumstantial participle, subject understood as the main-clause subject. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | D-------- | _ | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 4 τοῦτον | case | high | Variant form ἐς of εἰς. |
| 4 | τοῦτον | οὗτος | PRON | PD----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 1 ἀφικόμενος | obl | high | |
| 5 | πρῶτα | πρῶτος | ADV | A----ASM- | Degree=Pos | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative, paired with δεύτερα. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | discourse | high | Correlative μέν with δέ. |
| 7 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ἁμάρτημα | det | high | |
| 8 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 τῷ | case | high | |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T----DSN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 δρασμῷ | det | high | |
| 10 | δρασμῷ | δρασμός | NOUN | N---DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπὶ | obl | high | ἐπί with dative. |
| 11 | παρῃτεῖτο | παραιτέομαι | VERB | V-3IIM-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 12 | ἁμάρτημα | ἁμάρτημα | NOUN | N---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | obj | medium | Neuter nominative/accusative syncretism; construed as the thing being excused. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | ________ | _ | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | punct | high | |
| 14 | δεύτερα | δεύτερος | ADV | A----ASN- | Degree=Pos | 16 ἀνεδίδασκεν | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative, paired with πρῶτα. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἀνεδίδασκεν | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μέν. |
| 16 | ἀνεδίδασκεν | ἀναδιδάσκω | VERB | V-3IIA-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb. |
| 17 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 αἱρήσουσιν | mark | high | Introduces reported content. |
| 18 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 Εἶραν | det | high | |
| 19 | Εἶραν | Εἶρα | PROPN | Ne----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 αἱρήσουσιν | obj | high | Place name, object of αἱρήσουσιν. |
| 20 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 τῷ | case | high | |
| 21 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 παρόντι | det | high | |
| 22 | παρόντι | πάρειμι | VERB | V--PAPDSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Active | 20 ἐν | obl | high | Substantivized participle: at the present time. |
| 23 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 24 αἱρήσουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 24 | αἱρήσουσιν | αἱρέω | VERB | V-3PFA-P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Active | 16 ἀνεδίδασκεν | ccomp | high | Finite verb in ὡς-content clause. |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | ________ | _ | 16 ἀνεδίδασκεν | punct | high | |
| 26 | αὐτὰ | αὐτός | PRON | P---APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 32 διηγούμενος | obj | medium | Accusative object of διηγούμενος; αὐτά is intensive/personal pronoun in context. |
| 27 | ἕκαστα | ἕκαστος | PRON | P---APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 26 αὐτὰ | appos | medium | Appositional/emphatic specification of αὐτά. |
| 28 | ὁπόσα | ὁπόσος | PRON | P---APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 29 ᾔσθετο | obj | high | Relative quantity pronoun, object of ᾔσθετο. |
| 29 | ᾔσθετο | αἰσθάνομαι | VERB | V-3AMI-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 32 διηγούμενος | ccomp | medium | Embedded finite clause under the participle's reporting content; subject is understood. |
| 30 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 31 Μεσσηνίου | det | high | |
| 31 | Μεσσηνίου | Μεσσήνιος | NOUN | N---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ᾔσθετο | obj | medium | Genitive object/association with αἰσθάνομαι; exact semantic relation is context-sensitive. |
| 32 | διηγούμενος | διηγέομαι | VERB | V--PMPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | advcl | medium | Present middle participle, explanatory/circumstantial: narrating what he had perceived. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | ________ | _ | 11 παρῃτεῖτο | punct | high |