Grammar parses for passage 4.20.2
Open translation for this passage
εἰσὶ δὲ αἱ πηγαὶ τῆς Νέδας ἐν ὄρει τῷ Λυκαίῳ·
Existential εἰσί has subject αἱ πηγαί; τῆς Νέδας is a genitive dependent on πηγαί, and ἐν ὄρει τῷ Λυκαίῳ is a locative phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰσὶ | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 πηγαὶ | det | high | |
| 4 | πηγαὶ | πηγή | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 εἰσὶ | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 Νέδας | det | high | |
| 6 | Νέδας | Νέδα | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 πηγαὶ | nmod | high | Genitive of the river name. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 ὄρει | case | high | |
| 8 | ὄρει | ὄρος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 εἰσὶ | obl | high | Locative complement of εἰσί. |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 Λυκαίῳ | det | high | |
| 10 | Λυκαίῳ | Λύκαιος | PROPN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ὄρει | nmod | high | Proper name agreeing with ὄρει. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | punct | high |
προελθὼν δὲ ὁ ποταμὸς διὰ τῆς Ἀρκάδων καὶ ἐπιστρέψας αὖθις ἐς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ὁρίζει τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μεσσηνίοις καὶ Ἠλείοις τὴν γῆν.
The river is the subject of ὁρίζει; the two nominative participles are coordinated circumstantial clauses. The object is τὰ ... τὴν γῆν, with Μεσσηνίοις καὶ Ἠλείοις as dative beneficiaries/parties concerned. Note that προελθών is a second-aorist participle: the form is προελθών, not present.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | προελθὼν | προέρχομαι | VERB | V--PAP-NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ποταμὸς | advcl | high | Aorist? Form προελθών is second-aorist participle of προέρχομαι; xpos uses explicit aorist below. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ὁρίζει | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ποταμὸς | det | high | |
| 4 | ποταμὸς | ποταμός | NOUN | N----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ὁρίζει | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Ἀρκάδων | case | high | With genitive, indicating route through. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 Ἀρκάδων | det | high | |
| 7 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | Ne----GPF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 προελθὼν | obl | medium | The phrase διὰ τῆς Ἀρκάδων is treated as an oblique complement of προελθών; the place-name is morphologically plural genitive. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἐπιστρέψας | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἐπιστρέψας | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V--AAP-NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 14 ὁρίζει | advcl | high | |
| 10 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 ἐπιστρέψας | advmod | high | |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 Μεσσηνίαν | case | high | |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 Μεσσηνίαν | det | high | |
| 13 | Μεσσηνίαν | Μεσσηνία | PROPN | Ne----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἐπιστρέψας | obl | high | |
| 14 | ὁρίζει | ὁρίζω | VERB | V-PAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 γῆν | det | high | |
| 16 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 θαλάσσῃ | case | high | With dative, ‘on/by the sea’. |
| 17 | θαλάσσῃ | θάλασσα | NOUN | N----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 τὰ | nmod | medium | Attributive/locative phrase modifying τὰ ...; exact attachment is somewhat ambiguous. |
| 18 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Ne----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ὁρίζει | iobj | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 Ἠλείοις | cc | high | |
| 20 | Ἠλείοις | Ἠλεῖος | PROPN | Ne----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 Μεσσηνίοις | conj | high | |
| 21 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 γῆν | det | high | |
| 22 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | N----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ὁρίζει | obj | high | |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ὁρίζει | punct | high |
τότε δὲ οἳ μὲν τοὺς αἶγας τοὺς ἄρρενας ἐδεδοίκεσαν μὴ πίνωσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Νέδας·
The substantival relative οἳ introduces the subject group; τοὺς ἄρρενας specifies the male goats, and μή + subjunctive is the feared-content clause after ἐδεδοίκεσαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D- | PronType=Dem | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | nsubj | high | Relative form functions substantivally, likely referring to a previously mentioned group. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X- | _ | 3 οἳ | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; its δέ counterpart is token 2. |
| 5 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 αἶγας | det | high | |
| 6 | αἶγας | αἴξ | NOUN | N- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | obj | high | |
| 7 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ἄρρενας | det | high | Article agrees with masculine substantive adjective. |
| 8 | ἄρρενας | ἄρρην | ADJ | A- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 αἶγας | amod | medium | Substantivized adjective, agreeing with the implied masculine goats; syntactically appositional/specifying. |
| 9 | ἐδεδοίκεσαν | δείδω | VERB | V- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Pluperfect form of δείδω with reduplicated stem; expresses prior fear/precaution. |
| 10 | μὴ | μή | PART | G- | Polarity=Neg | 11 πίνωσιν | advmod | high | Negative particle introducing a feared or apprehended clause. |
| 11 | πίνωσιν | πίνω | VERB | V- | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | ccomp | high | Subjunctive in a μή-clause dependent on δείδω. |
| 12 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R- | _ | 14 Νέδας | case | high | |
| 13 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 Νέδας | det | high | |
| 14 | Νέδας | Νέδα | PROPN | N- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 πίνωσιν | obl | high | Genitive governed by ἀπό. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐδεδοίκεσαν | punct | high |
τοῖς δὲ ἄρα ὁ δαίμων προεσήμαινε τοιόνδε.
The dative τοῖς is the recipient/group addressed by προεσήμαινε; τοιόνδε is an accusative demonstrative used substantivally, with its exact implied noun elided.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T----DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 προεσήμαινε | iobj | high | Dative indirect object/recipient. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 προεσήμαινε | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἄρα | ἄρα | PART | PART | _ | 6 προεσήμαινε | discourse | medium | Postpositive inferential particle. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 δαίμων | det | high | Article modifying δαίμων. |
| 5 | δαίμων | δαίμων | NOUN | N-----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 προεσήμαινε | nsubj | high | Nominative subject. |
| 6 | προεσήμαινε | προσημαίνω | VERB | V3SIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite imperfect active predicate. |
| 7 | τοιόνδε | τοιόσδε | ADJ | A----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 6 προεσήμαινε | obj | medium | Accusative demonstrative adjective used substantivally or as an elliptical object/content expression. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 προεσήμαινε | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τὸ δένδρον τὸν ἐρινεόν εἰσιν Ἑλλήνων οἳ καλοῦσιν ὀλύνθην, Μεσσήνιοι δὲ αὐτοὶ τράγον.
The transmitted wording is syntactically compressed: εἰσιν introduces a naming construction, with καλοῦσιν in a relative clause and an elliptical parallel clause for Μεσσήνιοι δὲ αὐτοὶ τράγον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 2 δένδρον | det | high | |
| 2 | δένδρον | δένδρον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 εἰσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰσιν; predicate naming construction. |
| 3 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 ἐρινεόν | det | high | |
| 4 | ἐρινεόν | ἐρινεός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 δένδρον | appos | medium | Accusative appositional/name phrase associated with δένδρον; syntax is elliptical or textually unusual. |
| 5 | εἰσιν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 οἳ | nmod | medium | Genitive ethnic noun, likely dependent on the relative clause's understood subject or naming expression. |
| 7 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 8 καλοῦσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | καλοῦσιν | καλέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 εἰσιν | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying the naming expression. |
| 9 | ὀλύνθην | ὀλύνθη | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 καλοῦσιν | obj | high | Accusative predicate/name after καλοῦσιν. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἰσιν | punct | high | |
| 11 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 τράγον | nsubj | high | Subject of the understood/copular naming clause. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 14 τράγον | cc | high | |
| 13 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Int | 11 Μεσσήνιοι | appos | medium | Emphatic identity pronoun, likely agreeing with Μεσσήνιοι; tagged PRON rather than ADJ. |
| 14 | τράγον | τράγος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 εἰσιν | conj | medium | Predicate accusative in an elliptical naming clause after δέ; understood verb is καλοῦσιν or εἰσιν. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 εἰσιν | punct | high |
τότε οὖν πρὸς τῇ Νέδᾳ πεφυκὼς ἐρινεὸς οὐκ ἐς εὐθὺ ηὔξητο, ἀλλὰ ἔς τε τὸ ῥεῦμα ἐπέστρεφε καὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἄκροις τοῖς φύλλοις ἐπέψαυε.
The participle πεφυκώς is predicative with ἐρινεός (‘a fig tree growing by the Nedā’); πρὸς τῇ Νέδᾳ is treated as a locative phrase. ἄκροις τοῖς φύλλοις is instrumental, modifying ἐπέψαυε.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D———— | PronType=Dem | 11 ηὔξητο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D———— | _ | 11 ηὔξητο | discourse | high | Often classified as an adverbial connective. |
| 3 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R———— | _ | 5 Νέδᾳ | case | medium | Here construed with dative in a locative sense. |
| 4 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-SDF———— | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 Νέδᾳ | det | high | |
| 5 | Νέδᾳ | Νέδα | PROPN | N-SDF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 πεφυκὼς | obl | high | River name. |
| 6 | πεφυκὼς | φύω | VERB | V-RAPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 7 ἐρινεὸς | acl | high | Predicative perfect participle, ‘having grown/growing’. |
| 7 | ἐρινεὸς | ἐρινεός | NOUN | N-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ηὔξητο | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D———— | Polarity=Neg | 11 ηὔξητο | advmod | high | |
| 9 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R———— | _ | 10 εὐθὺ | case | high | |
| 10 | εὐθὺ | εὐθύς | ADV | D———— | _ | 11 ηὔξητο | obl | high | Adverbial accusative/phrase, ‘straight/directly’. |
| 11 | ηὔξητο | αὐξάνω | VERB | V-LIMPI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ηὔξητο | punct | high | |
| 13 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | C———— | _ | 18 ἐπέστρεφε | cc | high | |
| 14 | ἔς | εἰς | ADP | R———— | _ | 17 ῥεῦμα | case | high | |
| 15 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C———— | _ | 18 ἐπέστρεφε | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 16 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-SNA | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ῥεῦμα | det | high | |
| 17 | ῥεῦμα | ῥεῦμα | NOUN | N-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπέστρεφε | obl | high | Goal/directional complement of ἐπέστρεφε. |
| 18 | ἐπέστρεφε | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 11 ηὔξητο | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐπέψαυε; subject is ἐρινεός. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C———— | _ | 25 ἐπέψαυε | cc | high | Second member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 20 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-SMG | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ὕδατος | det | high | |
| 21 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-SNG | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ἐπέψαυε | obl | high | Genitive dependent on ἐπέψαυε. |
| 22 | ἄκροις | ἄκρος | ADJ | A-SDPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 φύλλοις | amod | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 23 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-SDPN | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 φύλλοις | det | high | |
| 24 | φύλλοις | φύλλον | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 ἐπέψαυε | obl | high | Instrumental dative, ‘with the tips of its leaves’. |
| 25 | ἐπέψαυε | ἐπιψαύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 18 ἐπέστρεφε | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐπέστρεφε; subject is ἐρινεός. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ηὔξητο | punct | high |