Grammar parses for passage 4.20.5
Open translation for this passage
μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἤρχετο, καθὸ καὶ Τρωσὶν ἔτι πρότερον, γίνεσθαι κακὰ ἀπὸ μοιχείας.
ἤρχετο is impersonal here (‘began/started’), with the infinitive γίνεσθαι as its complement; τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις and Τρωσὶν are dative experiencer/affected-group complements. καθὸ introduces a comparative parallel (‘as also earlier for the Trojans’).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 3 τοῦτο | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἤρχετο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | PD-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἤρχετο | obl | high | Accusative temporal phrase with μετά. |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | DA-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | NE-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἤρχετο | iobj | high | Dative group affected/experiencer with impersonal ἤρχετο. |
| 6 | ἤρχετο | ἄρχω | VERB | V3S-IAM-PI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Impersonal middle, ‘it began’; subject is the following infinitival clause. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἤρχετο | punct | high | |
| 8 | καθὸ | καθό | SCONJ | ADV | _ | 6 ἤρχετο | advmod | medium | Comparative/parallel subordinating adverb, ‘as/insofar as’. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 Τρωσὶν | cc | high | Coordinates the omitted parallel predicate with the Trojans. |
| 10 | Τρωσὶν | Τρώς | PROPN | NE-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἤρχετο | obl | medium | Dative in the parallel comparative clause; exact attachment is elliptical. |
| 11 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 12 πρότερον | advmod | high | |
| 12 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 6 ἤρχετο | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative, ‘earlier/before’. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἤρχετο | punct | high | |
| 14 | γίνεσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Middle | 6 ἤρχετο | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of impersonal ἤρχετο. |
| 15 | κακὰ | κακός | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 γίνεσθαι | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject of the infinitive, ‘evils/troubles’. |
| 16 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 17 μοιχείας | case | high | |
| 17 | μοιχείας | μοιχεία | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 γίνεσθαι | obl | high | Source/cause phrase, ‘from/because of adultery’. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἤρχετο | punct | high |
ἐπεκράτουν μὲν αὐτοὶ ἐπεὶ ἐκράτουν τοῦ τε ὄρους καὶ τοῦ πρὸς τὴν Εἶραν ἄχρι τῆς Νέδας, ἦσαν δὲ οἰκήσεις καὶ ἔξω πυλῶν ἐνίοις.
The second clause is coordinated with the first; ἐνίοις is a substantivized dative whose precise attachment is uncertain, while ἄχρι τῆς Νέδας gives the endpoint of the phrase concerning the area toward Εἶρα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπεκράτουν | ἐπικρατέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G- | _ | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | discourse | high | Correlative μὲν ... δέ. |
| 3 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject. |
| 4 | ἐπεὶ | ἐπεί | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐκράτουν | mark | high | Introduces causal subordinate clause. |
| 5 | ἐκράτουν | κρατέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | advcl | high | Causal clause governed by ἐπεὶ. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ὄρους | det | high | |
| 7 | τε | τε | CCONJ | G- | _ | 8 ὄρους | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 8 | ὄρους | ὄρος | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἐκράτουν | obj | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G- | _ | 5 ἐκράτουν | cc | high | Coordinates the second genitive complement. |
| 10 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 Εἶραν | det | high | |
| 11 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P | _ | 13 Εἶραν | case | high | |
| 12 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 Εἶραν | det | high | |
| 13 | Εἶραν | Εἶρα | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἐκράτουν | obl | medium | Proper-place name; πρὸς τὴν Εἶραν is a prepositional complement within the coordinated genitive phrase. |
| 14 | ἄχρι | ἄχρι | ADP | P | _ | 16 Νέδας | case | high | Preposition governing Νέδας. |
| 15 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 Νέδας | det | high | |
| 16 | Νέδας | Νέδα | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 Εἶραν | nmod | medium | Endpoint phrase ἄχρι τῆς Νέδας modifying the direction/place phrase. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | punct | high | |
| 18 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | conj | high | Second coordinated clause; copular predicate. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G- | _ | 18 ἦσαν | cc | high | Correlative counterpart to μὲν. |
| 20 | οἰκήσεις | οἴκησις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Postposed subject of ἦσαν. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G- | _ | 22 ἔξω | cc | high | Coordinates οἰκήσεις and the following locative phrase. |
| 22 | ἔξω | ἔξω | ADV | ADV | _ | 18 ἦσαν | advmod | high | Locative adverb, further specified by πυλῶν. |
| 23 | πυλῶν | πύλη | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 22 ἔξω | obl | high | Genitive of separation with ἔξω. |
| 24 | ἐνίοις | ἔνιος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 20 οἰκήσεις | iobj | medium | Substantivized dative: ‘for some [of them]’; attachment to οἰκήσεις is syntactically uncertain. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπεκράτουν | punct | high |
αὐτόμολος δὲ ἐς αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἄλλος μὲν ἀφίκετο οὐδείς, οἰκέτης δὲ Ἐμπεράμου βουκόλος ἐλαύνων τοῦ δεσπότου τὰς βοῦς·
The first clause says that no other voluntary deserter came from Laconia to them; the second is a paratactic nominal identification, with οἰκέτης ... βουκόλος as the subject and ἐλαύνων as its circumstantial participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτόμολος | αὐτόμολος | NOUN | Ncmsn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἀφίκετο | nsubj | high | Substantivized masculine nominative singular adjective/noun, subject of ἀφίκετο. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 ἀφίκετο | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 αὐτοὺς | case | high | Epic/poetic form ἐς. |
| 4 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | Ppmam-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 10 ἀφίκετο | obl | high | |
| 5 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 Λακωνικῆς | case | high | |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | Dgfs | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Λακωνικῆς | det | high | |
| 7 | Λακωνικῆς | Λακωνικός | ADJ | Afgsg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀφίκετο | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'from Laconia'. |
| 8 | ἄλλος | ἄλλος | PRON | Pmsmn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 10 ἀφίκετο | nsubj | medium | Predicative/contrastive subject-like phrase with οὐδείς; ἄλλος ... οὐδείς means 'no other'. |
| 9 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 10 ἀφίκετο | discourse | high | |
| 10 | ἀφίκετο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V3saim | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | οὐδείς | οὐδείς | PRON | Pmsmn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 10 ἀφίκετο | nsubj | high | Negative subject completing ἄλλος ... οὐδείς. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἀφίκετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | οἰκέτης | οἰκέτης | NOUN | Ncmsn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 βουκόλος | nsubj | high | Subject of nominal identification βουκόλος. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 βουκόλος | cc | high | |
| 15 | Ἐμπεράμου | Ἐμπεράμος | PROPN | Npmsg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 οἰκέτης | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on οἰκέτης: slave/servant of Emperamus. |
| 16 | βουκόλος | βουκόλος | NOUN | Ncmsn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἀφίκετο | parataxis | medium | Nominal apposition/identification, introducing the second subject phrase. |
| 17 | ἐλαύνων | ἐλαύνω | VERB | Vspamnsm | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 βουκόλος | acl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying the οἰκέτης/βουκόλος. |
| 18 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Dgms | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 δεσπότου | det | high | |
| 19 | δεσπότου | δεσπότης | NOUN | Nmsg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 βοῦς | nmod | high | Possessive genitive: the master's oxen. |
| 20 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | Dafpa | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 βοῦς | det | high | |
| 21 | βοῦς | βοῦς | NOUN | Nfpa | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἐλαύνων | obj | high | Object of ἐλαύνων. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἀφίκετο | punct | high |
ὁ δὲ Ἐμπέραμος ἦν ἀνὴρ ἐν Σπάρτῃ δόκιμος.
Copular clause: Ἐμπέραμος is the subject, with ἀνήρ as the nominative predicate and δόκιμος as its adjective; ἐν Σπάρτῃ is a locative oblique.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | article nom masc sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Ἐμπέραμος | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 4 ἦν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Ἐμπέραμος | Ἐμπέραμος | PROPN | noun nom masc sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | verb imperf act ind 3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular verb. |
| 5 | ἀνὴρ | ἀνήρ | NOUN | noun nom masc sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | cop||||? | medium | Predicative nominative; UD may analyze as root complement (xcomp) rather than copular dependent. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | prep dat | Case=Dat | 7 Σπάρτῃ | case | high | |
| 7 | Σπάρτῃ | Σπάρτη | PROPN | noun dat fem sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἀνὴρ | obl | high | |
| 8 | δόκιμος | δόκιμος | ADJ | adj nom masc sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἀνὴρ | amod | high | Predicative adjective modifying ἀνήρ. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἦν | punct | high |