Grammar parses for passage 4.21.9
Open translation for this passage
καὶ οἳ μὲν ἀναπαυόμενοί τε καὶ ἀνὰ μέρος μαχόμενοι μᾶλλον ἀντήρκουν, τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις πανταχόθεν παρίστατο ἀπορία· μεθʼ ἡμέραν γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ νύκτα συνεχῶς οἱ αὐτοὶ τρίτην ἠμύνοντο.
The sentence contains three coordinated clauses; the second and third are linked by discourse particles and temporal expressions, with τρίτην likely an adverbial accusative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 11 ἀντήρκουν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking participial phrases. |
| 2 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-P---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 11 ἀντήρκουν | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun, subject of ἀντήρκουν. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 2 οἳ | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 4 | ἀναπαυόμενοί | ἀναπαύω | VERB | V-PMP-NM- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 2 οἳ | acl:relcl | high | Participial modifier of οἳ. |
| 5 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 4 ἀναπαυόμενοί | cc | high | Enclitic coordinating particle. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 μαχόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates participles. |
| 7 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 μέρος | case | high | Preposition with μέρος. |
| 8 | μέρος | μέρος | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 μαχόμενοι | obl | high | Adverbial phrase 'by turns'. |
| 9 | μαχόμενοι | μάχομαι | VERB | V-PMP-NM- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 2 οἳ | conj | high | Second coordinated participle modifying οἳ. |
| 10 | μᾶλλον | μάλα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Cmp | 11 ἀντήρκουν | advmod | high | Modifies ἀντήρκουν. |
| 11 | ἀντήρκουν | ἀνταρκέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἀντήρκουν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-P---DM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 ἀπορία | det | high | Article with Μεσσηνίοις. |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 17 παρίστατο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 15 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-P---DM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἀπορία | nsubj | high | Dative of reference/possessor-like subject with παρίστατο. |
| 16 | πανταχόθεν | πανταχόθεν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 17 παρίστατο | advmod | high | Modifies παρίστατο. |
| 17 | παρίστατο | πάρειμι | VERB | V-IMI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause main verb. |
| 18 | ἀπορία | ἀπορία | NOUN | N-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 παρίστατο | nsubj | high | Subject of παρίστατο. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 παρίστατο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 20 | μεθʼ | μετά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 ἡμέραν | case | high | Preposition with ἡμέραν. |
| 21 | ἡμέραν | ἡμέρα | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | Temporal oblique with ἠμύνοντο. |
| 22 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 23 | ἀεὶ | ἀεί | ADV | D-------- | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 25 νύκτα | cc | high | Coordinates ἡμέραν and νύκτα. |
| 25 | νύκτα | νύξ | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | Temporal oblique. |
| 26 | συνεχῶς | συνεχῶς | ADV | D-------- | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Modifies ἠμύνοντο. |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-P---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 αὐτοὶ | det | high | Article with αὐτοί. |
| 28 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | A-P---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἠμύνοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἠμύνοντο. |
| 29 | τρίτην | τρίτος | ADJ | A-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|NumType=Ord|Number=Sing | 30 ἠμύνοντο | obj | low | Likely adverbial accusative of duration/extent; morphology certain, syntax less so. |
| 30 | ἠμύνοντο | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-IMI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Third clause main verb. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἤδη τε ἡμέρα ἦν καὶ ἥ τε ἀυπνία καὶ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ τε καὶ ῥῖγος ἐπίεζε σφᾶς, ὅ τε λιμὸς καὶ ἡ δίψα ἐπέκειτο·
The sentence consists of coordinated descriptive clauses, with ἐπίεζε and ἐπέκειτο as separate finite predicates linked by juxtaposition rather than overt coordination.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 4 ἦν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἦν. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 ἤδη | discourse | medium | Enclitic coordinating particle attached to ἤδη. |
| 3 | ἡμέρα | ἡμέρα | NOUN | N-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν. |
| 4 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-3SIIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb of first clause. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking clause members. |
| 6 | ἥ | ὁ | DET | P-3NSF--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ἀυπνία | det | high | Article with ἀυπνία. |
| 7 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 6 ἥ | discourse | medium | Enclitic particle with article ἥ. |
| 8 | ἀυπνία | ἀϋπνία | NOUN | N-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίεζε | nsubj | high | Subject coordinated with ῥῖγος. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | cc | high | Coordination within the subject phrase. |
| 10 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | obl | medium | Preposition introducing source/cause phrase with ὕδωρ. |
| 11 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P---GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 οὐρανοῦ | det | high | Article with οὐρανοῦ. |
| 12 | οὐρανοῦ | οὐρανός | NOUN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκ | obl | high | Object of ἐκ. |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P-3NSN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ὕδωρ | det | high | Article with ὕδωρ. |
| 14 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-S---NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίεζε | nsubj | high | Second coordinated subject with ῥῖγος. |
| 15 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 14 ὕδωρ | discourse | medium | Enclitic particle after ὕδωρ. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ῥῖγος | cc | high | Coordination with ὕδωρ/ῥῖγος. |
| 17 | ῥῖγος | ῥῖγος | NOUN | N-S---NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ὕδωρ | conj | high | Conjunct with ὕδωρ. |
| 18 | ἐπίεζε | ἐπιάζω | VERB | V-3SIIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Likely main verb of coordinated clause; spelling may reflect variant for ἐπείγε/ἐπιάζω. |
| 19 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3PAM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 18 ἐπίεζε | obj | high | Direct object of ἐπίεζε. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | ὅ | ὁ | DET | P-3NSN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 23 λιμὸς | det | medium | Article with λιμὸς; form is masculine/neutral-looking in context but article expected. |
| 22 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 21 ὅ | discourse | medium | Enclitic particle with article ὅ. |
| 23 | λιμὸς | λιμός | NOUN | N-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 ἐπέκειτο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπέκειτο. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 27 ἐπέκειτο | cc | high | Coordination within final subject phrase. |
| 25 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | P-3NSF--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 δίψα | det | high | Article with δίψα. |
| 26 | δίψα | δίψα | NOUN | N-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἐπέκειτο | conj | high | Conjunct with λιμός. |
| 27 | ἐπέκειτο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | V-3SIIE-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Final finite verb; governs the coordinated subject phrase. |
| 28 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ἐπέκειτο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
μάλιστα δὲ αἱ γυναῖκες ἀηθείᾳ τε πολέμου καὶ τῇ συνεχείᾳ τῆς ταλαιπωρίας ἀπειρήκεσαν.
The main syntactic issue is whether the two dative phrases are best analyzed as coordinated obliques of cause/reason; the particle pair τε ... καί links them closely.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | advmod | high | Modifies the verbal predicate as an intensifier. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | L-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 γυναῖκες | det | high | Article modifying γυναῖκες. |
| 4 | γυναῖκες | γυνή | NOUN | N-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπειρήκεσαν. |
| 5 | ἀηθείᾳ | ἀηθεία | NOUN | N-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | medium | Dative of cause/reason with ἀπειρήκεσαν; semantics slightly uncertain. |
| 6 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 5 ἀηθείᾳ | cc | medium | Correlative particle linking the first dative phrase to the following καί phrase. |
| 7 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἀηθείᾳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἀηθείᾳ. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 συνεχείᾳ | cc | high | Coordinates the second dative phrase. |
| 9 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 συνεχείᾳ | det | high | Article modifying συνεχείᾳ. |
| 10 | συνεχείᾳ | συνέχεια | NOUN | N-s---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | medium | Second dative phrase, coordinated with ἀηθείᾳ. |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ταλαιπωρίας | det | high | Article modifying ταλαιπωρίας. |
| 12 | ταλαιπωρίας | ταλαιπωρία | NOUN | N-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 συνεχείᾳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of συνεχείᾳ. |
| 13 | ἀπειρήκεσαν | ἀπειρέω | VERB | V-3papia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Finite verb is sentence root; form is interpreted as pluperfect/late aoristic past with imperfective nuance uncertain. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |