Grammar parses for passage 4.21.9
Open translation for this passage
καὶ οἳ μὲν ἀναπαυόμενοί τε καὶ ἀνὰ μέρος μαχόμενοι μᾶλλον ἀντήρκουν, τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις πανταχόθεν παρίστατο ἀπορία· μεθʼ ἡμέραν γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ νύκτα συνεχῶς οἱ αὐτοὶ τρίτην ἠμύνοντο.
The first clause has a coordinated participial subject (οἳ) contrasting with the dative experiencer/affected group τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις; in the final clause, τρίτην modifies an understood ἡμέραν in an idiomatic duration expression. The exact reading ἀντήρκουν is morphologically somewhat uncertain, but it is parsed as imperfect active 3PL.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _____ | _ | 11 ἀντήρκουν | cc | high | |
| 2 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | RR-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἀντήρκουν | nsubj | high | Relative form functions substantivally as the subject. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _____ | _ | 11 ἀντήρκουν | discourse | high | Correlative μέν with following δέ. |
| 4 | ἀναπαυόμενοί | ἀναπαύω | VERB | V-PPMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 μαχόμενοι | conj | high | Coordinated circumstantial participle. |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _____ | _ | 4 ἀναπαυόμενοί | cc | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _____ | _ | 9 μαχόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates the two participles. |
| 7 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | _____ | _ | 8 μέρος | case | high | |
| 8 | μέρος | μέρος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 μαχόμενοι | obl | high | With ἀνά, ‘in turns’. |
| 9 | μαχόμενοι | μάχομαι | VERB | V-PMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 11 ἀντήρκουν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle coordinated with ἀναπαυόμενοι. |
| 10 | μᾶλλον | μᾶλλον | ADV | _____ | Degree=Cmp | 11 ἀντήρκουν | advmod | high | |
| 11 | ἀντήρκουν | ἀνταρκέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | low | Form/lemma reading is uncertain; parsed as imperfect active 3PL ‘held out/resisted.’ |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἀντήρκουν | punct | high | |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 14 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _____ | _ | 17 παρίστατο | cc | high | Contrasts with preceding μέν clause. |
| 15 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 παρίστατο | iobj | high | Dative of affected experiencer/possessor with παρίστατο. |
| 16 | πανταχόθεν | πανταχόθεν | ADV | _____ | _ | 17 παρίστατο | advmod | high | |
| 17 | παρίστατο | παρίστημι | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 11 ἀντήρκουν | conj | high | Imperfect middle, ‘there stood/was present’; subject is ἀπορία. |
| 18 | ἀπορία | ἀπορία | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 παρίστατο | nsubj | high | |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 παρίστατο | punct | high | |
| 20 | μεθʼ | μετά | ADP | _____ | _ | 21 ἡμέραν | case | high | Elided form before ἡμέραν. |
| 21 | ἡμέραν | ἡμέρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | Accusative temporal extent with μετά. |
| 22 | γὰρ | γάρ | SCONJ | _____ | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | mark | high | Introduces explanatory clause. |
| 23 | ἀεὶ | ἀεί | ADV | _____ | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _____ | _ | 25 νύκτα | cc | high | |
| 25 | νύκτα | νύξ | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | Coordinated temporal accusative; understood with μετά. |
| 26 | συνεχῶς | συνεχῶς | ADV | _____ | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 αὐτοὶ | det | high | |
| 28 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἠμύνοντο | nsubj | high | Substantival with article: ‘the same men.’ |
| 29 | τρίτην | τρίτος | ADJ | A-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|NumType=Ord|Number=Sing | 21 ἡμέραν | amod | medium | Ordinal temporal accusative; likely modifies an understood/repeated ἡμέραν rather than directly the overt noun. |
| 30 | ἠμύνοντο | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 17 παρίστατο | parataxis | high | Explanatory independent clause after the punctuation. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἠμύνοντο | punct | high |
ἤδη τε ἡμέρα ἦν καὶ ἥ τε ἀυπνία καὶ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ τε καὶ ῥῖγος ἐπίεζε σφᾶς, ὅ τε λιμὸς καὶ ἡ δίψα ἐπέκειτο·
The sentence coordinates three predications: ἦν, ἐπίεζε, and ἐπέκειτο; the middle clause has a compressed sequence of coordinated subjects and τε/καί particles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-- | _ | 4 ἦν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 ἡμέρα | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 3 | ἡμέρα | ἡμέρα | NOUN | N---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | cc | high | Coordinates the subsequent pressure clause with the preceding clause. |
| 6 | ἥ | ὁ | DET | P---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀυπνία | det | high | |
| 7 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἀυπνία | cc | high | Coordinates ἀυπνία with the following καί-linked material. |
| 8 | ἀυπνία | ἀυπνία | NOUN | N---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίεζε | nsubj | medium | Nominal subject of ἐπίεζε; the coordination is stylistically compressed. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ὕδωρ | cc | high | Coordinates ὕδωρ and ῥῖγος. |
| 10 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 οὐρανοῦ | case | high | |
| 11 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 οὐρανοῦ | det | high | |
| 12 | οὐρανοῦ | οὐρανός | NOUN | N---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ὕδωρ | nmod | high | |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 14 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίεζε | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ὕδωρ | cc | high | First particle in τε καί coordination. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ῥῖγος | cc | high | Coordinates ῥῖγος with ὕδωρ. |
| 17 | ῥῖγος | ῥῖγος | NOUN | N---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπίεζε | nsubj | high | |
| 18 | ἐπίεζε | πιέζω | VERB | V3SIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 4 ἦν | conj | high | |
| 19 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P---A--- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 18 ἐπίεζε | obj | high | |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐπίεζε | punct | high | |
| 21 | ὅ | ὁ | DET | P---NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 λιμὸς | det | high | Article with λιμός; ὅ τε ... καί coordinates the final subject phrase. |
| 22 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 λιμὸς | cc | high | First member of ὅ τε ... καί. |
| 23 | λιμὸς | λιμός | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 ἐπέκειτο | nsubj | high | |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 26 δίψα | cc | high | Coordinates δίψα with λιμός. |
| 25 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | P---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 δίψα | det | high | |
| 26 | δίψα | δίψα | NOUN | N---NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἐπέκειτο | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | ἐπέκειτο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | V3SII--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 18 ἐπίεζε | conj | high | Coordinates the final clause after the comma. |
| 28 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 ἐπέκειτο | punct | high |
μάλιστα δὲ αἱ γυναῖκες ἀηθείᾳ τε πολέμου καὶ τῇ συνεχείᾳ τῆς ταλαιπωρίας ἀπειρήκεσαν.
The two datives (ἀηθείᾳ ... and τῇ συνεχείᾳ ...) are coordinated circumstantial/causal complements of ἀπειρήκεσαν; πολέμου and τῆς ταλαιπωρίας are their genitive dependents.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV-SUP | Degree=Sup | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T- NPF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 γυναῖκες | det | high | |
| 4 | γυναῖκες | γυνή | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | ἀηθείᾳ | ἀήθεια | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | medium | Dative of cause/circumstance: inexperience of war. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἀηθείᾳ | cc | high | |
| 7 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἀηθείᾳ | nmod | high | |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 συνεχείᾳ | cc | high | Coordinates the two causal/locative datives. |
| 9 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 συνεχείᾳ | det | high | |
| 10 | συνεχείᾳ | συνέχεια | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | obl | high | Second dative of cause/circumstance. |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ταλαιπωρίας | det | high | |
| 12 | ταλαιπωρίας | ταλαιπωρία | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 συνεχείᾳ | nmod | high | |
| 13 | ἀπειρήκεσαν | ἀπειρέω | VERB | V-LAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form is pluperfect active, ‘had become inexperienced/exhausted’; lexical parsing of ἀπειρέω is somewhat variable. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀπειρήκεσαν | punct | high |