Grammar parses for passage 4.22.5
Open translation for this passage
καὶ τότε μὲν ἐπεῖχον τῆς ἐξόδου, τὰ γὰρ ἱερὰ ἐγίνετο αὐτοῖς οὐ κατὰ γνώμην, τῇ δὲ ἐπιούσῃ τό τε ἀπόρρητον ἔγνωσαν σφῶν τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους προπεπυσμένους καὶ αὐτοὶ δεύτερον ὑπὸ Ἀριστοκράτους προδεδομένοι·
The syntax is paratactic: ἐπεῖχον and ἔγνωσαν each head a main clause, with participial clauses attached to the latter; τῇ ἐπιούσῃ is an adverbial temporal dative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 ἐπεῖχον | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction introducing the clause. |
| 2 | τότε | τότε | ADV | _ | _ | 4 ἐπεῖχον | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 4 ἐπεῖχον | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 4 | ἐπεῖχον | ἐπέχω | VERB | VIAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T--FGS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἐξόδου | det | high | Article modifying ἐξόδου. |
| 6 | ἐξόδου | ἔξοδος | NOUN | N-SFG | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπεῖχον | obj | medium | Genitive object/complement with ἐπέχω; likely 'kept to/held back from the exit'. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπεῖχον | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἱερὰ | det | high | Article with ἱερὰ. |
| 9 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 11 ἐγίνετο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 10 | ἱερὰ | ἱερός | ADJ | A-APN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἐγίνετο | nsubj | medium | Neuter plural substantive used as subject. |
| 11 | ἐγίνετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | VIMI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 4 ἐπεῖχον | parataxis | high | Secondary finite clause, likely impersonal/plural sense with neuter plural subject. |
| 12 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-P---D | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 11 ἐγίνετο | iobj | high | Dative of advantage/affected party. |
| 13 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 15 γνώμην | advmod | high | Negation of γνώμην. |
| 14 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 15 γνώμην | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 15 | γνώμην | γνώμη | NOUN | N-SFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἐγίνετο | advmod | medium | Prepositional adverbial phrase modifying ἐγίνετο. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐγίνετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 17 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 ἐπιούσῃ | det | high | Article with ἐπιούσῃ. |
| 18 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 23 ἔγνωσαν | discourse | high | Mild contrastive particle. |
| 19 | ἐπιούσῃ | ἐπιοῦσα | ADJ | A-DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἔγνωσαν | obl | medium | Likely substantive participial adjective meaning 'the following (day)'. |
| 20 | τό | ὁ | DET | T-ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 ἀπόρρητον | det | high | Article with ἀπόρρητον. |
| 21 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 20 τό | discourse | high | Enclitic coordinating particle. |
| 22 | ἀπόρρητον | ἀπόρρητος | ADJ | A-ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἔγνωσαν | obj | medium | Neuter substantive, object of ἔγνωσαν. |
| 23 | ἔγνωσαν | γιγνώσκω | VERB | VAAI3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the second clause. |
| 24 | σφῶν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-P---G | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 27 προπεπυσμένους | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of προπεπυσμένους; likely possessive/source relation. |
| 25 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 26 Λακεδαιμονίους | det | high | Article with Λακεδαιμονίους. |
| 26 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | A-APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 προπεπυσμένους | obj | medium | Substantivized adjective naming the Spartans. |
| 27 | προπεπυσμένους | προπυνθάνομαι | VERB | VPRMPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἔγνωσαν | xcomp | medium | Perfect participle agreeing with Λακεδαιμονίους; lemma/form somewhat uncertain. |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 29 αὐτοὶ | cc | high | Coordinates with preceding participial predicate. |
| 29 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | P-P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 33 προδεδομένοι | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of the passive participle. |
| 30 | δεύτερον | δεύτερον | ADV | _ | _ | 33 προδεδομένοι | advmod | high | Adverb 'for the second time'. |
| 31 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 32 Ἀριστοκράτους | case | high | Agent marker with genitive. |
| 32 | Ἀριστοκράτους | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | N-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 33 προδεδομένοι | obl | high | Agent of the passive participle. |
| 33 | προδεδομένοι | προδίδωμι | VERB | VPRMPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 23 ἔγνωσαν | conj | medium | Participial predicate coordinated with ἔγνωσαν; could also be construed as supplementary participle. |
| 34 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔγνωσαν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
τὰ γὰρ τοῦ Ἀριστομένους βουλεύματα αὐτίκα ὁ Ἀριστοκράτης ἐγγράψας βιβλίῳ, καὶ τὸ βιβλίον ἐπιθεὶς τῶν οἰκετῶν ὃν ἠπίστατο ὄντα εὐνούστατον, παρὰ Ἀνάξανδρον ἀπέστελλεν ἐς Σπάρτην.
The main syntactic difficulty is the chain of circumstantial participles (ἐγγράψας, ἐπιθεὶς) with an embedded relative clause under ἠπίστατο; ἐπιθεὶς is taken as coordinating with ἐγγράψας, both modifying the finite verb ἀπέστελλεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 βουλεύματα | det | high | Article modifying βουλεύματα. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 5 βουλεύματα | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 Ἀριστομένους | det | high | Article modifying Ἀριστομένους. |
| 4 | Ἀριστομένους | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | NE | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 βουλεύματα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of βουλεύματα. |
| 5 | βουλεύματα | βούλευμα | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἐγγράψας | obj | high | Object of ἐγγράψας. |
| 6 | αὐτίκα | αὐτίκα | ADV | D | _ | 9 ἐγγράψας | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying the participle. |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἀριστοκράτης | det | high | Article with Ἀριστοκράτης. |
| 8 | Ἀριστοκράτης | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | NE | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπέστελλεν. |
| 9 | ἐγγράψας | ἐγγράφω | VERB | AAP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 10 | βιβλίῳ | βιβλίον | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἐγγράψας | obl | high | Dative of means/instrument with ἐγγράψας. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐγγράψας | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἐπιθεὶς | cc | high | Coordinates participial clauses. |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 βιβλίον | det | high | Article modifying βιβλίον. |
| 14 | βιβλίον | βιβλίον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐπιθεὶς | obj | high | Object of ἐπιθεὶς. |
| 15 | ἐπιθεὶς | ἐπιτίθημι | VERB | AAP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | advcl | high | Another circumstantial participle, coordinated with ἐγγράψας. |
| 16 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 οἰκετῶν | det | high | Article modifying οἰκετῶν. |
| 17 | οἰκετῶν | οἰκέτης | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ὃν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of relative pronoun. |
| 18 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 19 ἠπίστατο | obj | high | Relative pronoun, object of ἠπίστατο. |
| 19 | ἠπίστατο | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | VIMI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 15 ἐπιθεὶς | advcl | high | Embedded clause modifying ἐπιθεὶς. |
| 20 | ὄντα | εἰμί | VERB | PAP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 19 ἠπίστατο | xcomp | high | Supplementary participle with ἠπίστατο. |
| 21 | εὐνούστατον | εὔνους | ADJ | A-ASM-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ὄντα | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective agreeing with ὃν/ὄντα in sense; morphology inferred. |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 23 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 24 Ἀνάξανδρον | case | high | Preposition governing Ἀνάξανδρον. |
| 24 | Ἀνάξανδρον | Ἀνάξανδρος | PROPN | NE | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | obl | high | Oblique complement with παρά. |
| 25 | ἀπέστελλεν | ἀποστέλλω | VERB | VIAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 27 Σπάρτην | case | high | Preposition governing Σπάρτην. |
| 27 | Σπάρτην | Σπάρτη | PROPN | NE | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | obl | high | Goal of motion with ἐς. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἀπέστελλεν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |