Grammar parses for passage 4.22.7
Open translation for this passage
ὡς δὲ ἀπηγγέλθη ταῦτα ἐς ἅπαντας, αὐτοί τε τὸν Ἀριστοκράτην ἔβαλλον οἱ Ἀρκάδες καὶ τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις διεκελεύοντο· οἱ δὲ ἐς τὸν Ἀριστομένην ἀπέβλεπον.
The first ὡς-clause is temporal and modifies the coordinated main predicates; οἱ in the final clause is a substantivized article referring to the Messenians, with ἐς marking their turning/looking toward Aristomenes.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | mark | high | Temporal clause marker: 'when/as'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἀπηγγέλθη | ἀπαγγέλλω | VERB | V3SAPI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 12 ἔβαλλον | advcl | high | Passive aorist temporal subordinate predicate. |
| 4 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPA | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | nsubj:pass | high | Neuter plural subject, 'these things'. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 ἅπαντας | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 6 | ἅπαντας | ἅπας | ADJ | A-PMA | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | obl | high | Substantivized masculine accusative plural, object of εἰς. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | punct | high | |
| 8 | αὐτοί | αὐτός | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 12 ἔβαλλον | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject, 'they themselves'. |
| 9 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἔβαλλον | cc | high | Postpositive additive connective. |
| 10 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 Ἀριστοκράτην | det | high | |
| 11 | Ἀριστοκράτην | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|NameType=Prs|Number=Sing | 12 ἔβαλλον | obj | high | Personal name, object of ἔβαλλον. |
| 12 | ἔβαλλον | βάλλω | VERB | V3PIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate; imperfect is iterative/ongoing. |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Ἀρκάδες | det | high | |
| 14 | Ἀρκάδες | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | NE-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Geo|Number=Plur | 12 ἔβαλλον | nsubj | high | Arcadians; appositional/referentially specifies αὐτοί. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 διεκελεύοντο | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite predicate. |
| 16 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RD-PDM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 17 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | NE-PDM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|NameType=Geo|Number=Plur | 18 διεκελεύοντο | iobj | high | Messenian recipients/addressees of the command. |
| 18 | διεκελεύοντο | διακελεύομαι | VERB | V3PIIM | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 12 ἔβαλλον | conj | high | Coordinated imperfect middle, 'they urged/ordered'. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 12 ἔβαλλον | punct | high | |
| 20 | οἱ | ὁ | PRON | RP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | nsubj | high | Substantive article, 'they'; refers to the Messenians. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | cc | high | Postpositive contrastive connective. |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 24 Ἀριστομένην | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 23 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 24 Ἀριστομένην | det | high | |
| 24 | Ἀριστομένην | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | NE-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|NameType=Prs|Number=Sing | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | obl | high | Object of preposition in ἐς τὸν Ἀριστομένην. |
| 25 | ἀπέβλεπον | ἀποβλέπω | VERB | V3PIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 12 ἔβαλλον | parataxis | high | Independent follow-up clause after the punctuation. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | punct | high |
καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐς τὴν γῆν ἀφορῶν ἔκλαιεν·
The participle ἀφορῶν is a circumstantial nominative masculine singular participle agreeing with the understood subject of ἔκλαιεν; μὲν is correlative/continuative and leaves the clause open to a later μέν/δέ contrast.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | τε | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ἔκλαιεν | det | high | Article substantivally marks the masculine singular subject; no overt noun follows. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | discourse | high | Correlative/continuative particle. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 6 γῆν | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 5 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 γῆν | det | high | |
| 6 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀφορῶν | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐς. |
| 7 | ἀφορῶν | ἀφοράω | VERB | V-PAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἔκλαιεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with the subject of ἔκλαιεν. |
| 8 | ἔκλαιεν | κλαίω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | punct | high |
τὸν δὲ Ἀριστοκράτην οἱ Ἀρκάδες καταλιθώσαντες τὸν μὲν τῶν ὅρων ἐκτὸς ἐκβάλλουσιν ἄταφον, στήλην δὲ ἀνέθεσαν ἐς τὸ τέμενος τοῦ Λυκαίου λέγουσαν πάντως ὁ χρόνος εὗρε δίκην ἀδίκῳ βασιλῆι, εὗρε δὲ Μεσσήνης σὺν Διὶ τὸν προδότην ῥηιδίως.
The sentence has coordinated main predicates ἐκβάλλουσιν and ἀνέθεσαν; καταλιθώσαντες is a circumstantial participle modifying the Arcadians. λέγουσαν agrees with στήλην and introduces its inscription as indirect quotation; the final εὗρε clause is coordinated within the inscription. Token 34 Μεσσήνης is genitive, probably dependent on προδότην (the traitor of Messene), though the construction is somewhat compressed.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA3ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Ἀριστοκράτην | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἀριστοκράτην | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | NE----AMS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | obj | high | |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA3NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Ἀρκάδες | det | high | |
| 5 | Ἀρκάδες | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | NE----NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | καταλιθώσαντες | καταλιθόω | VERB | VAAPNPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | advcl | high | |
| 7 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA3ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ὅρων | det | high | |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X----A-P- | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | cc | high | Correlative μέν with δέ at token 16. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA3GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ὅρων | det | high | |
| 10 | ὅρων | ὅρος | NOUN | N----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐκτὸς | nmod | high | |
| 11 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | advmod | high | Adverbial predicate/complement with implicit location: outside the boundaries. |
| 12 | ἐκβάλλουσιν | ἐκβάλλω | VERB | VPAI3PP | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | ἄταφον | ἄταφος | ADJ | A----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 Ἀριστοκράτην | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative of the object. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | punct | high | |
| 15 | στήλην | στήλη | NOUN | N----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | obj | high | |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἀνέθεσαν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | VAAI3PP | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | conj | high | |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 τέμενος | case | high | |
| 19 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | RA3ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 τέμενος | det | high | |
| 20 | τέμενος | τέμενος | NOUN | N----ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | obl | high | |
| 21 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | RA3GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 Λυκαίου | det | high | |
| 22 | Λυκαίου | Λύκαιος | PROPN | NE----GSN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 τέμενος | nmod | high | Place/name adjective substantivized as a proper name. |
| 23 | λέγουσαν | λέγω | VERB | VPAPASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 στήλην | acl | high | Agrees with στήλην; introduces the inscription's wording. |
| 24 | πάντως | πάντως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 27 εὗρε | advmod | high | |
| 25 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA3NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 χρόνος | det | high | |
| 26 | χρόνος | χρόνος | NOUN | N----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 εὗρε | nsubj | high | |
| 27 | εὗρε | εὑρίσκω | VERB | VAAI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 λέγουσαν | ccomp | high | First coordinated clause in the inscription. |
| 28 | δίκην | δίκη | NOUN | N----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 εὗρε | obj | high | |
| 29 | ἀδίκῳ | ἄδικος | ADJ | A----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 βασιλῆι | amod | high | |
| 30 | βασιλῆι | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 δίκην | iobj | high | Dative of the person receiving or suffering the punishment. |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 εὗρε | punct | high | |
| 32 | εὗρε | εὑρίσκω | VERB | VAAI3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 27 εὗρε | conj | high | Second coordinated clause in the inscription. |
| 33 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 32 εὗρε | cc | high | |
| 34 | Μεσσήνης | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | NE----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 38 προδότην | nmod | medium | Likely 'the traitor of Messene'; attachment is somewhat compressed. |
| 35 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 36 Διὶ | case | high | |
| 36 | Διὶ | Ζεύς | PROPN | NE----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 εὗρε | obl | high | Dative governed by σύν. |
| 37 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA3ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 38 προδότην | det | high | |
| 38 | προδότην | προδότης | NOUN | N----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 εὗρε | obj | high | |
| 39 | ῥηιδίως | ῥᾳδίως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 32 εὗρε | advmod | high | Orthographic form ῥηιδίως. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | punct | high |
χαλεπὸν δὲ λαθεῖν θεὸν ἄνδρʼ ἐπίορκον.
Infinitival construction: χαλεπόν is the impersonal predicate, with ἄνδρα ἐπίορκον as accusative subject; θεόν is the object of 'escape notice'.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χαλεπὸν | χαλεπός | ADJ | a-s---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 λαθεῖν | xcomp | high | Impersonal predicate adjective with infinitive. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 3 λαθεῖν | cc | high | |
| 3 | λαθεῖν | λανθάνω | VERB | v--ana--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Infinitival clause: 'to escape notice'. |
| 4 | θεὸν | θεός | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἄνδρʼ | obj | medium | Accusative object of ἐπίορκον understood with λαθεῖν. |
| 5 | ἄνδρʼ | ἀνήρ | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 λαθεῖν | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 6 | ἐπίορκον | ἐπίορκος | ADJ | a-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἄνδρʼ | amod | high | Adjective modifying ἄνδρα; elided final nu in token form. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 λαθεῖν | punct | high |
χαῖρε Ζεῦ βασιλεῦ, καὶ σάω Ἀρκαδίαν.
Two coordinated imperatives address Zeus: χαῖρε with vocative apposition, followed by σάω taking Ἀρκαδίαν as object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χαῖρε | χαίρω | VERB | V-2A-Pres-Act-Imp-2S | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Present active imperative, conventionally a greeting. |
| 2 | Ζεῦ | Ζεύς | PROPN | N-3-Mas-Sg-Voc | Case=Voc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 χαῖρε | vocative | high | Vocative address. |
| 3 | βασιλεῦ | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-3-Mas-Sg-Voc | Case=Voc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 Ζεῦ | appos | high | Vocative apposition to Ζεῦ. |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 χαῖρε | punct | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 6 σάω | cc | high | Coordinates the second imperative with χαῖρε. |
| 6 | σάω | σάω | VERB | V-2A-Pres-Act-Imp-2S | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 χαῖρε | conj | medium | Imperative meaning 'save/protect'; form and accent may reflect orthographic or textual variation. |
| 7 | Ἀρκαδίαν | Ἀρκαδία | PROPN | N-1-Fem-Sg-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 σάω | obj | high | Accusative object of σάω. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 χαῖρε | punct | high |