Grammar parses for passage 4.22.7
Open translation for this passage
ὡς δὲ ἀπηγγέλθη ταῦτα ἐς ἅπαντας, αὐτοί τε τὸν Ἀριστοκράτην ἔβαλλον οἱ Ἀρκάδες καὶ τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις διεκελεύοντο· οἱ δὲ ἐς τὸν Ἀριστομένην ἀπέβλεπον.
Three coordinated verbal clauses depend on the initial passive ἀπηγγέλθη; the second and third clauses share elided or implicit discourse linkage, with ἐς phrases functioning as prepositional obliques.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | mark | high | introduces temporal clause |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | discourse | high | postpositive connector |
| 3 | ἀπηγγέλθη | ἀπαγγέλλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | main finite verb |
| 4 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | nsubj:pass | high | subject of passive verb |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 6 ἅπαντας | case | high | governs accusative |
| 6 | ἅπαντας | ἅπας | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | obl | high | prepositional complement |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | punct | high | punctuation |
| 8 | αὐτοί | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 12 ἔβαλλον | nsubj | high | emphatic subject with τε |
| 9 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 αὐτοί | discourse | medium | enclitic coordinator/enclitic connective |
| 10 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 Ἀριστοκράτην | det | high | article |
| 11 | Ἀριστοκράτην | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἔβαλλον | obj | high | direct object |
| 12 | ἔβαλλον | βάλλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | conj | high | coordinate finite verb |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Ἀρκάδες | det | high | article used substantively |
| 14 | Ἀρκάδες | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἔβαλλον | nsubj | high | subject of ἔβαλλον |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 18 διεκελεύοντο | cc | high | coordinator |
| 16 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | article |
| 17 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 διεκελεύοντο | iobj | medium | dative recipient/indirect object |
| 18 | διεκελεύοντο | διακελεύομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | conj | high | coordinate finite verb |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 διεκελεύοντο | punct | high | punctuation |
| 20 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | nsubj | high | article used substantively |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | discourse | high | postpositive connector |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 24 Ἀριστομένην | case | high | governs accusative |
| 23 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 24 Ἀριστομένην | det | high | article |
| 24 | Ἀριστομένην | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | obl | high | object of preposition |
| 25 | ἀπέβλεπον | ἀποβλέπω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 3 ἀπηγγέλθη | conj | high | coordinate finite verb |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἀπέβλεπον | punct | high | punctuation |
καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐς τὴν γῆν ἀφορῶν ἔκλαιεν·
Main clause with a participial subject phrase; μὲν is correlative and resumes an implied contrast.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking to prior clause. |
| 2 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 ἀφορῶν | det | high | Article functioning with participle as substantive subject. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 6 γῆν | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 5 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 γῆν | det | high | Article modifying γῆν. |
| 6 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀφορῶν | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐς. |
| 7 | ἀφορῶν | ἀφοράω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἔκλαιεν | nsubj | high | Present active participle agreeing with ὁ. |
| 8 | ἔκλαιεν | κλαίω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the clause. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔκλαιεν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
τὸν δὲ Ἀριστοκράτην οἱ Ἀρκάδες καταλιθώσαντες τὸν μὲν τῶν ὅρων ἐκτὸς ἐκβάλλουσιν ἄταφον, στήλην δὲ ἀνέθεσαν ἐς τὸ τέμενος τοῦ Λυκαίου λέγουσαν πάντως ὁ χρόνος εὗρε δίκην ἀδίκῳ βασιλῆι, εὗρε δὲ Μεσσήνης σὺν Διὶ τὸν προδότην ῥηιδίως.
The syntax is paratactic and somewhat compressed; the participial/attributive relations around λέγουσαν and the two εὗρε clauses are especially ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | P-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 Ἀριστοκράτην | det | high | Article modifying Ἀριστοκράτην. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 6 καταλιθώσαντες | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 3 | Ἀριστοκράτην | Ἀριστοκράτης | PROPN | N-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | obj | medium | Accusative object/fronted topic of ἐκβάλλουσιν. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | P-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Ἀρκάδες | det | high | Article modifying Ἀρκάδες. |
| 5 | Ἀρκάδες | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 καταλιθώσαντες | nsubj | high | Subject of καταλιθώσαντες / ἐκβάλλουσιν. |
| 6 | καταλιθώσαντες | καταλιθόω | VERB | V-PAA-NPM- | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle; exact lexical form uncertain. |
| 7 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | P-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 ὅρων | det | high | Article modifying ὅρων. |
| 8 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | P-P---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ὅρων | det | high | Article modifying ὅρων. |
| 10 | ὅρων | ὅρος | NOUN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐκτὸς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἐκτός. |
| 11 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | obl | high | Adverb/preposition governing genitive. |
| 12 | ἐκβάλλουσιν | ἐκβάλλω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb of the clause. |
| 13 | ἄταφον | ἄταφος | ADJ | A-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement of the object; could also be secondary predicate. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 15 | στήλην | στήλη | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | obj | high | Object of ἀνέθεσαν. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 17 | ἀνέθεσαν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | V-AAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite verb. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 τέμενος | case | high | Preposition governing τέμενος. |
| 19 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 τέμενος | det | high | Article modifying τέμενος. |
| 20 | τέμενος | τέμενος | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ἀνέθεσαν | obl | high | Goal of ἀνέθεσαν. |
| 21 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 Λυκαίου | det | high | Article modifying Λυκαίου. |
| 22 | Λυκαίου | Λύκαιος | PROPN | A-S---NG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 τέμενος | nmod | medium | Genitive modifier of τέμενος; likely toponymic or adjectival. |
| 23 | λέγουσαν | λέγω | VERB | V-PAP-ASF- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 στήλην | amod | high | Participle agreeing with στήλην. |
| 24 | πάντως | πάντως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 27 εὗρε | advmod | high | Adverb modifying εὗρε. |
| 25 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | P-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 26 χρόνος | det | high | Article modifying χρόνος. |
| 26 | χρόνος | χρόνος | NOUN | N-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 εὗρε | nsubj | high | Subject of εὗρε. |
| 27 | εὗρε | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V-AAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 λέγουσαν | acl | medium | Relative/participle-like clause dependent on λέγουσαν; syntax is somewhat compressed. |
| 28 | δίκην | δίκη | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 εὗρε | obj | high | Object of εὗρε. |
| 29 | ἀδίκῳ | ἄδικος | ADJ | A-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 βασιλῆι | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying βασιλῆι. |
| 30 | βασιλῆι | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 δίκην | nmod | medium | Dative dependent of δίκην, likely dativus iudicantis/interest. |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 εὗρε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 32 | εὗρε | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V-AAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | parataxis | high | Second finite εὗρε, coordinated/paratactic. |
| 33 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 32 εὗρε | discourse | high | Postpositive particle. |
| 34 | Μεσσήνης | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 εὗρε | nsubj | medium | Likely partitive/genitive subject or possessive genitive; syntax uncertain. |
| 35 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 36 Διὶ | case | high | Preposition governing Διὶ. |
| 36 | Διὶ | Ζεύς | PROPN | N-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 εὗρε | obl | high | Oblique complement with σύν. |
| 37 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | P-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 38 προδότην | det | high | Article modifying προδότην. |
| 38 | προδότην | προδότης | NOUN | N-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 εὗρε | obj | high | Object of δεύτερον εὗρε. |
| 39 | ῥηιδίως | ῥᾴδιος | ADV | D-------- | _ | 32 εὗρε | advmod | high | Adverb modifying εὗρε. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκβάλλουσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
χαλεπὸν δὲ λαθεῖν θεὸν ἄνδρʼ ἐπίορκον.
Impersonal predicate χαλεπόν governs an infinitival clause; the accusative ἄνδρα ἐπίορκον is slightly compressed and may function as the infinitive’s object with predicative adjective.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χαλεπὸν | χαλεπός | ADJ | ADJ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Predicate adjective functioning as the sentence-level predicative/impersonal root. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 χαλεπὸν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | λαθεῖν | λανθάνω | VERB | V-AAN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 1 χαλεπὸν | csubj | high | Infinitival clausal subject/complement of χαλεπόν. |
| 4 | θεὸν | θεός | NOUN | NOUN | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 λαθεῖν | obj | high | Object of the infinitive λαθεῖν. |
| 5 | ἄνδρʼ | ἀνήρ | NOUN | NOUN | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπίορκον | obl | medium | Likely accusative object/associated accusative with ἐπίορκον; syntax is somewhat compressed. |
| 6 | ἐπίορκον | ἐπίορκος | ADJ | ADJ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 λαθεῖν | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective modifying ἄνδρα; could be analyzed as object complement. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 χαλεπὸν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
χαῖρε Ζεῦ βασιλεῦ, καὶ σάω Ἀρκαδίαν.
Two vocatives address Zeus; the clause then coordinates a second imperative with καί, taking Ἀρκαδίαν as its object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χαῖρε | χαίρω | VERB | V-PAI-2S | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperative greeting/root. |
| 2 | Ζεῦ | Ζεύς | PROPN | N-VSM | Case=Voc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 χαῖρε | vocative | high | Vocative address. |
| 3 | βασιλεῦ | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-VSM | Case=Voc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 Ζεῦ | appos | medium | Second vocative in apposition to Ζεῦ. |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 χαῖρε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 1 χαῖρε | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 6 | σάω | σῴζω | VERB | V-PMA-2S | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 χαῖρε | conj | medium | Imperative coordinated with χαῖρε. |
| 7 | Ἀρκαδίαν | Ἀρκαδία | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 σάω | obj | high | Direct object of σάω. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 χαῖρε | punct | high | Punctuation. |