Grammar parses for passage 4.23.3
Open translation for this passage
πένθος σφίσιν ἐποίησε.
Simple transitive clause: πένθος is the accusative object of ἐποίησε, with σφίσιν as the dative experiencer/affected participant; the subject is implicit.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πένθος | πένθος | NOUN | n-s---na-3s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἐποίησε | obj | high | |
| 2 | σφίσιν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | p---md3- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 3 ἐποίησε | iobj | high | Third-person reflexive pronoun, dative plural; possibly used as a non-reflexive plural pronoun in context. |
| 3 | ἐποίησε | ποιέω | VERB | v3saia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐποίησε | punct | high |
καὶ τὸν μὲν ἐνταῦθα ἐπιλαμβάνει τὸ χρεών, Ἀριστομένης δὲ ὡς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐπέταξεν ἰέναι ἐς Κυλλήνην, ὅστις ἐθέλοι μετέχειν τῆς ἀποικίας.
The sentence has a coordinated/paratactic second clause; ὡς introduces a temporal clause, and the generalized relative ὅστις ἐθέλοι governs μετέχειν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | cc | high | |
| 2 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | obj | high | Substantivized article; refers to the person previously mentioned. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 2 τὸν | advmod | high | |
| 4 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | _ | _ | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἐπιλαμβάνει | ἐπιλαμβάνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 χρεών | det | high | |
| 7 | χρεών | χρεών | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | nsubj | medium | Impersonal/substantivized expression ‘what is necessary/fate’; nominal analysis is conventional. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | punct | high | |
| 9 | Ἀριστομένης | Ἀριστομένης | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἐπέταξεν | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἐπέταξεν | cc | high | |
| 11 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἐπέταξεν | mark | medium | Introduces a temporal/causal subordinate clause: ‘when/after’. |
| 12 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἡγεμόνας | det | high | |
| 13 | ἡγεμόνας | ἡγεμών | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπέταξεν | obj | high | |
| 14 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 15 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐπέταξεν | iobj | high | |
| 16 | ἐπέταξεν | ἐπιτάσσω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | parataxis | high | |
| 17 | ἰέναι | εἶμι | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 16 ἐπέταξεν | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of ἐπέταξεν. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 19 Κυλλήνην | case | high | |
| 19 | Κυλλήνην | Κυλλήνη | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἰέναι | obl | high | |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐπέταξεν | punct | high | |
| 21 | ὅστις | ὅστις | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἐθέλοι | nsubj | high | Indefinite-relative subject in a generalized relative clause. |
| 22 | ἐθέλοι | ἐθέλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 17 ἰέναι | advcl | medium | Generalizing relative clause attached to the commanded infinitive; subject is ὅστις. |
| 23 | μετέχειν | μετέχω | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 22 ἐθέλοι | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of ἐθέλοι. |
| 24 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἀποικίας | det | high | |
| 25 | ἀποικίας | ἀποικία | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 μετέχειν | obj | high | Genitive complement of μετέχειν. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐπιλαμβάνει | punct | high |
καὶ μετέσχον ἅπαντες, πλὴν εἰ γῆράς τινα ἀπεῖργεν ἢ μηδὲ εὐπορῶν ἔτυχεν ἐς τὴν ἀποδημίαν·
The exception introduced by πλὴν εἰ coordinates two conditions: old age prevented someone, or someone happened not to be able to afford the expedition; the second condition is somewhat elliptical and εὐπορῶν has an implicit masculine subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 2 μετέσχον | cc | high | |
| 2 | μετέσχον | μετέχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 3 | ἅπαντες | ἅπας | PRON | P-A--NM-P | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 μετέσχον | nsubj | high | Substantival adjective/pronoun. |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 μετέσχον | punct | high | |
| 5 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | PREP | _ | 9 ἀπεῖργεν | case | medium | Can also function adverbially as an exceptive particle; here introduces the exception clause. |
| 6 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ἀπεῖργεν | mark | high | |
| 7 | γῆράς | γῆρας | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἀπεῖργεν | nsubj | medium | Neuter singular subject, ‘old age’; form may be read as nominative/accusative syncretism. |
| 8 | τινα | τις | DET | PX-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 γῆράς | det | low | Form is ambiguous; likely enclitic τινα agreeing substantivally or attracted to an implicit masculine person, while γῆρας is the overt subject. |
| 9 | ἀπεῖργεν | ἀπείργω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 2 μετέσχον | advcl | high | Conditional/exceptive subordinate predicate. |
| 10 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ἔτυχεν | cc | high | |
| 11 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ἔτυχεν | cc | medium | Coordinates the second exception condition; μηδέ carries negative force. |
| 12 | εὐπορῶν | εὐπορέω | VERB | V-PAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ἔτυχεν | advcl | medium | Present active participle, probably referring to an implicit masculine individual; its construction with ἔτυχεν is elliptical. |
| 13 | ἔτυχεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 ἀπεῖργεν | conj | medium | Second coordinated exception predicate, with omitted repeated εἰ understood. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 16 ἀποδημίαν | case | high | |
| 15 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASF- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἀποδημίαν | det | high | |
| 16 | ἀποδημίαν | ἀποδημία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἔτυχεν | obl | high | |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 μετέσχον | punct | high |
οὗτοι δὲ αὐτοῦ κατέμειναν παρὰ τοῖς Ἀρκάσιν.
οὗτοι is the nominative subject; αὐτοῦ is most naturally a locative genitive (‘there/in that place’), while παρὰ with the dative means ‘among/with’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PD---NM-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 4 κατέμειναν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 4 κατέμειναν | cc | high | |
| 3 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | ADV | P-----GM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 κατέμειναν | advmod | medium | Likely locative genitive (‘there/in that place’); formally ambiguous with possessive genitive. |
| 4 | κατέμειναν | καταμένω | VERB | VIAA3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Ἀρκάσιν | case | high | |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | P---DDM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 Ἀρκάσιν | det | high | |
| 7 | Ἀρκάσιν | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N---DDM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 κατέμειναν | obl | high | |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 κατέμειναν | punct | high |