Grammar parses for passage 4.25.6
Open translation for this passage
καθίσταντό τε δὴ τοῖς Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἐς ἀγῶνα καὶ ὁ τρόπος λέγεται τῆς μάχης γενέσθαι τοιόσδε.
The first imperfect clause καθίσταντο is coordinated with the report clause λέγεται; the exact voice/valency of καθίστημι and the role of the dative Ἀκαρνᾶσιν are mildly context-sensitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καθίσταντό | καθίστημι | VERB | V-3IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 11 λέγεται | ccomp | medium | Imperfect active 3pl; likely governs the following dative and εἰς phrase, with λέγεται introducing an impersonal report. |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 καθίσταντό | cc | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 1 καθίσταντό | discourse | high | |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Ἀκαρνᾶσιν | det | high | |
| 5 | Ἀκαρνᾶσιν | Ἀκαρνάν | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 καθίσταντό | iobj | medium | Dative of the Acarnanians; syntactic role with καθίσταντο is somewhat context-dependent. |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 ἀγῶνα | case | high | |
| 7 | ἀγῶνα | ἀγών | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 καθίσταντό | obl | high | |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 τρόπος | cc | medium | Coordinates the preceding verbal situation with the following subject/report clause. |
| 9 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 τρόπος | det | high | |
| 10 | τρόπος | τρόπος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 λέγεται | nsubj | high | Subject of λέγεται. |
| 11 | λέγεται | λέγω | VERB | V-3SPI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/passive reporting verb; takes γενέσθαι as its complement. |
| 12 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 μάχης | det | high | |
| 13 | μάχης | μάχη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 τρόπος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on τρόπος: ‘manner of the battle’. |
| 14 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-ANM | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Mid | 11 λέγεται | xcomp | high | Aorist middle infinitive, complement of λέγεται. |
| 15 | τοιόσδε | τοιόσδε | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 γενέσθαι | predicative | medium | Predicative adjective with γενέσθαι; agrees with the understood/expressed τρόπος. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 λέγεται | punct | high |
οἳ μέν, ἅτε πλήθει προέχοντες πολύ, οὐ χαλεπῶς περιέβαλον τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, πλὴν ὅσον αἱ πύλαι τε ἀπεῖργον κατὰ νώτου τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις γινόμεναι καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους τοῖς σφετέροις προθύμως ἀμύνοντες·
Relative-clause subject οἳ is resumed by the coordinated participles προέχοντες and ἀμύνοντες; πλὴν ὅσον introduces an exceptive extent clause, with ἀπεῖργον coordinated to γινόμεναι as the finite verb governing the limiting circumstance. The attachment of κατὰ νώτου is semantically somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P---NM-P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 11 περιέβαλον | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μέν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 11 περιέβαλον | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; counterpart is not expressed here. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | U | _ | 1 οἳ | punct | high | |
| 4 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 6 προέχοντες | mark | high | Introduces the causal participial construction. |
| 5 | πλήθει | πλῆθος | NOUN | Nb-s---nd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 προέχοντες | obl | high | Dative of respect/degree. |
| 6 | προέχοντες | προέχω | VERB | V--PAP-NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 περιέβαλον | advcl | high | Causal participle with ἅτε. |
| 7 | πολύ | πολύς | ADJ | A-----NA-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 προέχοντες | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, modifying προέχοντες. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | U | _ | 6 προέχοντες | punct | high | |
| 9 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 10 χαλεπῶς | advmod | high | |
| 10 | χαλεπῶς | χαλεπῶς | ADV | D-------- | _ | 11 περιέβαλον | advmod | high | |
| 11 | περιέβαλον | περιβάλλω | VERB | V--IAA-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 12 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T--PAMA-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 Μεσσηνίους | det | high | |
| 13 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Nb-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 περιέβαλον | obj | high | |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | U | _ | 11 περιέβαλον | punct | high | |
| 15 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 ὅσον | case | high | Exceptive preposition governing ὅσον. |
| 16 | ὅσον | ὅσος | PRON | P---NA-S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 20 ἀπεῖργον | obl | medium | Relatival extent phrase: ‘except insofar as’. |
| 17 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T--PNF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 πύλαι | det | high | |
| 18 | πύλαι | πύλη | NOUN | N--PNF-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 ἀπεῖργον | nsubj | high | |
| 19 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 ἀπεῖργον | cc | high | Coordinates the two limiting circumstances. |
| 20 | ἀπεῖργον | ἀπείργω | VERB | V-IAIA-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 16 ὅσον | acl:relcl | medium | Finite verb in the ὅσον clause; ὅσον is treated as an extent complement. |
| 21 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 νώτου | case | high | |
| 22 | νώτου | νῶτον | NOUN | N--SG--G- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἀπεῖργον | obl | medium | Genitive after κατά; exact semantic attachment is uncertain. |
| 23 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--PMD-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 24 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Nb-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 γινόμεναι | obl | high | Dative with γινόμεναι, indicating the persons affected. |
| 25 | γινόμεναι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMP-NFP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 20 ἀπεῖργον | advcl | medium | Participial circumstance coordinated with the finite ἀπεῖργον; agrees with πύλαι. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 ἀπεῖργον | cc | high | |
| 27 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T--PNM-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 34 ἀμύνοντες | det | high | Article substantivizes the participle. |
| 28 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 30 τείχους | case | high | |
| 29 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T--GSM-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 30 τείχους | det | high | |
| 30 | τείχους | τεῖχος | NOUN | N--SG--G- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 34 ἀμύνοντες | obl | high | |
| 31 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--PMD-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 32 σφετέροις | det | high | |
| 32 | σφετέροις | σφέτερος | ADJ | A---PMD-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs | 34 ἀμύνοντες | obl | high | Possessive dative, ‘for their own [people/things]’. |
| 33 | προθύμως | προθύμως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 34 ἀμύνοντες | advmod | high | |
| 34 | ἀμύνοντες | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-PAP-NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 20 ἀπεῖργον | conj | medium | Substantival participle coordinated with the limiting circumstance introduced by ἀπεῖργον. |
| 35 | · | · | PUNCT | U | _ | 11 περιέβαλον | punct | high |
ταύτῃ μὲν δὴ μὴ περισχεθῆναι σφᾶς ἐκώλυε,
The infinitive περισχεθῆναι is the complementary infinitive with ἐκώλυε; σφᾶς is its accusative subject. ταύτῃ is probably an adverbial dative ('in this way'), while μὲν δή are discourse particles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | PRON | D-Df | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐκώλυε | advmod | medium | Adverbial dative, likely 'in this way'; could be analyzed as a demonstrative pronoun. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 7 ἐκώλυε | discourse | high | Contrastive/discourse particle; paired or anticipatory μὲν. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 7 ἐκώλυε | discourse | high | Emphatic discourse particle. |
| 4 | μὴ | μή | PART | Tn | Polarity=Neg | 5 περισχεθῆναι | advmod | high | Negative particle governing the infinitive. |
| 5 | περισχεθῆναι | περιέχω | VERB | V- -ANP | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 7 ἐκώλυε | xcomp | medium | Aorist passive infinitive, complementary to ἐκώλυε; exact lexical sense depends on context. |
| 6 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P- -A | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 5 περισχεθῆναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 7 | ἐκώλυε | κωλύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐκώλυε | punct | high |
τὰ δὲ πλευρὰ ἀμφότερα ἐκυκλώσαντο αὐτῶν οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες καὶ ἐσηκόντιζον πανταχόθεν.
The accusative τὰ ... πλευρὰ ἀμφότερα is the coordinated object of ἐκυκλώσαντο; αὐτῶν is a genitive dependent on πλευρά, and οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες is the subject of both coordinated finite verbs. The second verb is imperfect, describing continued missile-throwing from all sides.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 πλευρὰ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G- | _ | 5 ἐκυκλώσαντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | πλευρὰ | πλευρόν | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἐκυκλώσαντο | obj | high | |
| 4 | ἀμφότερα | ἀμφότερος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 πλευρὰ | amod | high | Predicative/qualifying adjective agreeing with πλευρά. |
| 5 | ἐκυκλώσαντο | κυκλόω | VERB | V-ADPI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GP3P | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 3 πλευρὰ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on πλευρά, likely ‘their flanks’. |
| 7 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Ἀκαρνᾶνες | det | high | |
| 8 | Ἀκαρνᾶνες | Ἀκαρνάν | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐκυκλώσαντο | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 10 ἐσηκόντιζον | cc | high | |
| 10 | ἐσηκόντιζον | ἐσ-κοντίζω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 5 ἐκυκλώσαντο | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐκυκλώσαντο; subject is shared. |
| 11 | πανταχόθεν | πανταχόθεν | ADV | D- | _ | 10 ἐσηκόντιζον | advmod | high | Ablative-directional adverb, ‘from all sides’. |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐκυκλώσαντο | punct | high |