Grammar parses for passage 4.29.2
Open translation for this passage
χρημάτων ἐσπανίζετο Φίλιππος, καὶ---ἔδει γὰρ πάντως οἱ γενέσθαι χρήματα--- ἀποστέλλει Δημήτριον ναυσὶν ἐς Πελοπόννησον.
The sentence has an impersonal necessity clause (ἔδει ... γενέσθαι χρήματα) with οἱ as an enclitic dative recipient/possessor; ἀποστέλλει is coordinated with the preceding finite verb and takes Δημήτριον as object, ναυσίν as means, and ἐς Πελοπόννησον as goal. The three hyphens on each side of the parenthetical are punctuation-like editorial dashes.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χρημάτων | χρῆμα | NOUN | N-GEN-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 2 ἐσπανίζετο | obl | high | Partitive/ablative genitive with ἐσπανίζετο: be short of money. |
| 2 | ἐσπανίζετο | σπανίζω | VERB | V-3I-I3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 3 Φίλιππος | root | medium | Middle/passive-form imperfect, ‘was in want’; subject follows. |
| 3 | Φίλιππος | Φίλιππος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 2 ἐσπανίζετο | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἐσπανίζετο | punct | high | |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 18 ἀποστέλλει | cc | high | Coordinates ἀποστέλλει with ἐσπανίζετο. |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Opening editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 7 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Opening editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Opening editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 9 | ἔδει | δεῖ | VERB | V-3I-I3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 18 ἀποστέλλει | parataxis | high | Impersonal imperfect ‘it was necessary’; governs infinitive γενέσθαι. |
| 10 | γὰρ | γάρ | ADV | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | advmod | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 11 | πάντως | πάντως | ADV | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | advmod | high | Adverb modifying necessity. |
| 12 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P-DAT-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 13 γενέσθαι | iobj | medium | Enclitic dative pronoun, conventionally written οἱ; recipient/possessor with γενέσθαι. |
| 13 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-ANM | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 9 ἔδει | xcomp | high | Complementary aorist infinitive after ἔδει. |
| 14 | χρήματα | χρῆμα | NOUN | N- NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 γενέσθαι | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject of infinitive γενέσθαι. |
| 15 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Closing editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Closing editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἔδει | punct | high | Closing editorial dash of parenthesis. |
| 18 | ἀποστέλλει | ἀποστέλλω | VERB | V-3I-I3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite coordinated verb; subject is understood as Φίλιππος. |
| 19 | Δημήτριον | Δημήτριος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἀποστέλλει | obj | high | Accusative object, the person sent. |
| 20 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἀποστέλλει | obl | high | Dative of means/instrument: by ships. |
| 21 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 22 Πελοπόννησον | case | high | |
| 22 | Πελοπόννησον | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἀποστέλλει | obl | high | Goal/destination phrase governed by ἐς. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἀποστέλλει | punct | high |
Δημήτριος δὲ κατήγετό που τῆς Ἀργείας ἐς λιμένα τῶν ἐρημοτέρων· αὐτίκα δὲ ὡς εἶχε διὰ τῶν ἐπιτομωτάτων τῆς χώρας τὴν στρατιὰν ἦγεν ἐπὶ Μεσσήνης.
The sentence has two coordinated finite clauses. κατήγετο is taken as intransitive/medio-passive ‘put in at, landed’ with τῆς Ἀργείας as source or region genitive and λιμένα as goal; ὡς εἶχε is a temporal/ manner clause (‘as he was’), with διὰ τῶν ἐπιτομωτάτων τῆς χώρας indicating the shortest routes through the country. The exact semantic relation of the genitives is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Δημήτριος | Δημήτριος | PROPN | N----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 κατήγετό | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 κατήγετό | cc | high | |
| 3 | κατήγετό | κατάγω | VERB | V3IIIMSI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Medio-passive/intransitive sense: ‘put in’ or ‘landed’. |
| 4 | που | που | PART | D-------- | _ | 3 κατήγετό | advmod | high | Enclitic particle, approximately ‘somewhere’ or ‘I suppose’. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Ἀργείας | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἀργείας | Ἀργεία | PROPN | N----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 κατήγετό | obl | medium | Genitive may denote the region/source associated with κατήγετο. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 λιμένα | case | high | |
| 8 | λιμένα | λιμήν | NOUN | N----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 κατήγετό | obl | high | Goal/location complement of κατήγετο. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἐρημοτέρων | det | high | |
| 10 | ἐρημοτέρων | ἔρημος | ADJ | A----GPM- | Case=Gen|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 λιμένα | nmod | medium | Substantivized genitive plural, likely ‘of the more deserted [places/harbors]’; agreement/form is masculine plural. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 κατήγετό | punct | high | |
| 12 | αὐτίκα | αὐτίκα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 23 ἦγεν | advmod | high | |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ἦγεν | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause with the first. |
| 14 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 15 εἶχε | mark | high | Introduces a temporal/manner subordinate clause. |
| 15 | εἶχε | ἔχω | VERB | V3IIIAI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 ἦγεν | advcl | medium | Subject is implicit Demetrius; idiom ὡς εἶχε means ‘as he was/with what he had’. |
| 16 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 ἐπιτομωτάτων | case | high | |
| 17 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L----GPN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 ἐπιτομωτάτων | det | high | |
| 18 | ἐπιτομωτάτων | ἐπίτομος | ADJ | A----GPN- | Case=Gen|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 ἦγεν | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter superlative, ‘the shortest [routes/ways]’; διὰ with genitive indicates passage through/by way of. |
| 19 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 χώρας | det | high | |
| 20 | χώρας | χώρα | NOUN | N----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἐπιτομωτάτων | nmod | high | Dependent genitive: shortest routes/ways of the country. |
| 21 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 στρατιὰν | det | high | |
| 22 | στρατιὰν | στρατιά | NOUN | N----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἦγεν | obj | high | |
| 23 | ἦγεν | ἄγω | VERB | V3IIIAI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | conj | high | Second coordinated finite predicate; implicit subject Demetrius. |
| 24 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 25 Μεσσήνης | case | high | |
| 25 | Μεσσήνης | Μεσσήνη | PROPN | N----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἦγεν | obl | high | ἐπί with genitive denotes direction toward/against Messene. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἦγεν | punct | high |
προτάξας δὲ ὅσον ἦν τῶν τε ὅπλων τῇ σκευῇ κοῦφον καὶ τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἰθώμην εἶχεν ὁδοῦ οὐκ ἀπείρως, λανθάνει περὶ ὄρθρον μάλιστα ὑπερβὰς τὸ τεῖχος, καθὸ τῆς τε πόλεως μεταξὺ ἦν καὶ ἄκρας τῆς Ἰθώμης.
The construction has προτάξας and ὑπερβάς as circumstantial participles with implicit subject of λανθάνει; ὅσον ... κοῦφον is a quantity/extent object-like clause, while οὐκ ἀπείρως governs εἶχεν. καθό introduces a locative-explanatory clause with ἦν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | προτάξας | προτάσσω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Singular|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 21 λανθάνει | advcl | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 λανθάνει | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὅσον | ὅσος | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 10 κοῦφον | nsubj | medium | Extent/quantity pronoun functioning substantivally. |
| 4 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 3 ὅσον | acl:relcl | medium | Copular relative-like clause, with κοῦφον as predicate adjective. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 7 ὅπλων | det | high | |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ὅπλων | cc | high | First member of τε...καί. |
| 7 | ὅπλων | ὅπλον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Genitive|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 10 κοῦφον | obl | high | Partitive/specifying genitive with κοῦφον. |
| 8 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 9 σκευῇ | det | high | |
| 9 | σκευῇ | σκευή | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 10 κοῦφον | obl | high | Dative of respect. |
| 10 | κοῦφον | κοῦφος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 21 λανθάνει | obj | medium | Predicate/quantity adjective substantivized; syntactic attachment to λανθάνει is approximate. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 εἶχεν | cc | high | Coordinates the two complements of εἶχεν. |
| 12 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 17 ὁδοῦ | det | high | |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 15 Ἰθώμην | case | high | |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 15 Ἰθώμην | det | high | |
| 15 | Ἰθώμην | Ἰθώμη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 17 ὁδοῦ | nmod | high | Object of ἐς within the genitive phrase. |
| 16 | εἶχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 10 κοῦφον | conj | medium | Coordinates with the preceding predicate/complement structure; subject is implicit. |
| 17 | ὁδοῦ | ὁδός | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 16 εἶχεν | obj | high | Genitive object with εἶχεν. |
| 18 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 19 ἀπείρως | advmod | high | |
| 19 | ἀπείρως | ἄπειρος | ADV | ADV | _ | 16 εἶχεν | advmod | high | Adverbial complement, ‘not without experience/familiarity’. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 λανθάνει | punct | high | |
| 21 | λανθάνει | λανθάνω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 22 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | _ | 23 ὄρθρον | case | high | |
| 23 | ὄρθρον | ὄρθρον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 21 λανθάνει | obl | high | Temporal accusative with περί. |
| 24 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV | Degree=Superlative | 23 ὄρθρον | advmod | high | |
| 25 | ὑπερβὰς | ὑπερβαίνω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Singular|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 21 λανθάνει | advcl | high | |
| 26 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 27 τεῖχος | det | high | |
| 27 | τεῖχος | τεῖχος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 25 ὑπερβὰς | obj | high | |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 λανθάνει | punct | high | |
| 29 | καθὸ | καθό | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 34 ἦν | mark | medium | Relative/conjunctional adverb introducing an explanatory clause. |
| 30 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 32 πόλεως | det | high | |
| 31 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 32 πόλεως | cc | high | Pairs with καί at token 35. |
| 32 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 33 μεταξὺ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μεταξὺ. |
| 33 | μεταξὺ | μεταξύ | ADV | ADV | _ | 34 ἦν | advmod | high | ‘Between’; governs genitive complements. |
| 34 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 21 λανθάνει | advcl | high | Subject is the implicit location/route, with coordinated genitive complements under μεταξὺ. |
| 35 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CCONJ | _ | 36 ἄκρας | cc | high | Second member of τε...καί. |
| 36 | ἄκρας | ἄκρα | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 33 μεταξὺ | conj | high | Second genitive complement of μεταξύ. |
| 37 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 38 Ἰθώμης | det | high | |
| 38 | Ἰθώμης | Ἰθώμη | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 36 ἄκρας | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἄκρας. |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 λανθάνει | punct | high |