Grammar parses for passage 4.29.4
Open translation for this passage
ὅμως δὲ τοῦ τε παρόντος κακοῦ τὸ μέγεθος ἐδίδασκεν ἀνδρίαν τινὰ καὶ πέρα τοῦ δυνατοῦ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἅμα τὰ ἀμείνω παρίστατο αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζειν· οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἄνευ θεοῦ διὰ τοσούτου σφίσιν ὑπάρξαι τὴν ἐς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον.
The first clause has μέγεθος as subject of ἐδίδασκεν and coordinated infinitival complements; παρίστατο is impersonal/plural-neuter in sense, governing ἐλπίζειν. The second clause is an elliptical explanatory infinitival construction dependent on the preceding thought: τὴν κάθοδον is the accusative subject of ὑπάρξαι, with ἄνευ θεοῦ and διὰ τοσούτου modifying the situation. Some attachment choices are necessarily interpretive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L------GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 παρόντος | det | high | |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 παρόντος | cc | high | |
| 5 | παρόντος | πάρειμι | VERB | VPAP-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 κακοῦ | amod | high | Substantivized participle modifying κακοῦ. |
| 6 | κακοῦ | κακός | NOUN | A-----GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 μέγεθος | nmod | high | |
| 7 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-----ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 μέγεθος | det | high | |
| 8 | μέγεθος | μέγεθος | NOUN | N-----ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐδίδασκεν; the genitive phrase depends on it. |
| 9 | ἐδίδασκεν | διδάσκω | VERB | V----IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | ἀνδρίαν | ἀνδρεία | NOUN | N-----ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | obj | high | Secondary accusative object/predicate of διδάσκω, 'taught courage'. |
| 11 | τινὰ | τις | DET | P---ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀνδρίαν | det | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 γίνεσθαι | cc | high | Coordinates infinitival complements. |
| 13 | πέρα | πέρα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 γίνεσθαι | advmod | medium | Comparative/adverbial expression 'beyond' with τοῦ δυνατοῦ. |
| 14 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L------GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 δυνατοῦ | det | high | |
| 15 | δυνατοῦ | δυνατός | ADJ | A-----GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 πέρα | obl | medium | Substantivized genitive after πέρα. |
| 16 | γίνεσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V--PNM---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | xcomp | high | Coordinated infinitival complement; understood subject is the people concerned. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 21 παρίστατο | cc | high | |
| 18 | ἅμα | ἅμα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 21 παρίστατο | advmod | high | |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-----APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἀμείνω | det | high | |
| 20 | ἀμείνω | ἀμείνων | ADJ | A-----APN | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 21 παρίστατο | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, 'better things'; semantic subject of παρίστατο. |
| 21 | παρίστατο | παρίστημι | VERB | V--IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | conj | medium | Imperfect middle; construed with infinitive ἐλπίζειν. |
| 22 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P---MDP- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἐλπίζειν | iobj | high | |
| 23 | ἐλπίζειν | ἐλπίζω | VERB | V--PAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 παρίστατο | xcomp | high | |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | punct | high | |
| 25 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 33 ὑπάρξαι | advmod | high | |
| 26 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 33 ὑπάρξαι | cc | high | Explanatory connective. |
| 27 | δὴ | δή | PART | D-------- | _ | 33 ὑπάρξαι | discourse | high | |
| 28 | ἄνευ | ἄνευ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 29 θεοῦ | case | high | |
| 29 | θεοῦ | θεός | NOUN | N-----GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 33 ὑπάρξαι | obl | high | |
| 30 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 31 τοσούτου | case | high | Here with genitive, 'through/over such a period or extent'. |
| 31 | τοσούτου | τοσοῦτος | DET | A-----GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 33 ὑπάρξαι | obl | medium | Substantivized/elliptical genitive after διά. |
| 32 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P---MDP- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur | 33 ὑπάρξαι | iobj | medium | Ethic or possessive dative; exact attachment is uncertain. |
| 33 | ὑπάρξαι | ὑπάρχω | VERB | V--AAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 ἐδίδασκεν | parataxis | low | Infinitive in explanatory/elliptical construction; likely depends on preceding assertion rather than a finite verb in this segment. |
| 34 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-----ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 37 κάθοδον | det | high | |
| 35 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 36 Πελοπόννησον | case | high | |
| 36 | Πελοπόννησον | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | Ne-----AS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 37 κάθοδον | obl | high | |
| 37 | κάθοδον | κάθοδος | NOUN | N-----ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 ὑπάρξαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive ὑπάρξαι. |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 33 ὑπάρξαι | punct | high |
οἵ τε οὖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μεσσήνιοι θυμῷ παντὶ ἐς τοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐχώρουν καὶ οἱ φρουροῦντες τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἐπέκειντο ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων.
Two coordinated finite predicates share the coordinated subjects οἵ ... Μεσσήνιοι and οἱ φρουροῦντες; ἐξ ὑπερδεξίων is an ablatival/adverbial phrase, with the exact sense of ὑπερδεξίων somewhat context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἵ | ὅς | PRON | P-APM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 Μεσσήνιοι | nsubj | medium | Correlative/anaphoric nominative plural masculine pronoun, coordinated with οἱ. |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 1 οἵ | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐχώρουν | advmod | high | Inferential discourse adverb. |
| 4 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 πόλεως | case | high | Preposition governing πόλεως. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-SF-G-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 πόλεως | det | high | |
| 6 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | N-SF-G-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 Μεσσήνιοι | nmod | high | Genitive of source/origin with ἐκ. |
| 7 | Μεσσήνιοι | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐχώρουν | nsubj | high | Ethnic name functioning as the main subject. |
| 8 | θυμῷ | θυμός | NOUN | N-SM-D-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐχώρουν | obl | medium | Dative of manner or disposition, ‘with all spirit/ardor’. |
| 9 | παντὶ | πᾶς | ADJ | A-SM-D-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 θυμῷ | amod | high | Agrees with θυμῷ. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 Μακεδόνας | case | high | Preposition governing Μακεδόνας. |
| 11 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-PM-A-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Μακεδόνας | det | high | |
| 12 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | N-PM-A-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐχώρουν | obl | high | Goal/directed object of ἐχώρουν. |
| 13 | ἐχώρουν | χωρέω | VERB | V-IAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | First coordinated finite predicate. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 ἐπέκειντο | cc | high | Coordinates the second finite predicate. |
| 15 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NM-N-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 φρουροῦντες | det | high | Article substantivizing φρουροῦντες. |
| 16 | φρουροῦντες | φρουρέω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 19 ἐπέκειντο | nsubj | high | Substantival present active participle, ‘those guarding’. |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-SF-A-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἀκρόπολιν | det | high | |
| 18 | ἀκρόπολιν | ἀκρόπολις | NOUN | N-SF-A-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 φρουροῦντες | obj | high | Direct object of φρουροῦντες. |
| 19 | ἐπέκειντο | ἐπίκειμαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 13 ἐχώρουν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite predicate; middle/deponent lexical sense ‘pressed upon/attacked’. |
| 20 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 ὑπερδεξίων | case | high | Preposition governing ὑπερδεξίων. |
| 21 | ὑπερδεξίων | ὑπερδέξιος | ADJ | A-P--G-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἐπέκειντο | obl | low | Substantivized genitive plural adjective after ἐξ; lexical/syntactic interpretation is context-sensitive. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 13 ἐχώρουν | punct | high |