Grammar parses for passage 4.29.5
Open translation for this passage
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ Μακεδόνες ὑπό τε ἀρετῆς καὶ ἐμπειρίας τὸ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἠμύνοντο ἐρρωμένως·
The construction has two coordinated genitive nouns under ὑπό and the idiomatic accusative phrase τὸ κατʼ ἀρχάς functioning adverbially.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡσαύτως | ὡσαύτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the main verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 Μακεδόνες | cc | high | Connects the subject with an implied previous coordinate element or simply adds emphasis. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-3MP--- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Μακεδόνες | det | high | Article with the subject noun. |
| 5 | Μακεδόνες | Μακεδών | PROPN | Np-p---mn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἠμύνοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἠμύνοντο. |
| 6 | ὑπό | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 ἀρετῆς | case | high | Introduces a genitive phrase. |
| 7 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 ἀρετῆς | discourse | medium | Enclitic connective particle within the prepositional phrase. |
| 8 | ἀρετῆς | ἀρετή | NOUN | N-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | First genitive complement of ὑπό. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἐμπειρίας | cc | high | Coordinates the two genitive complements. |
| 10 | ἐμπειρίας | ἐμπειρία | NOUN | N-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀρετῆς | conj | high | Second coordinated genitive complement. |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-3NS--- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ἠμύνοντο | obj | medium | Likely article with an adverbial accusative expression in τὸ κατʼ ἀρχάς. |
| 12 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 ἀρχὰς | case | high | Preposition governing accusative in the fixed phrase. |
| 13 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | Adverbial accusative phrase with κατά, 'at first'. |
| 14 | ἠμύνοντο | ἀμύνω | VERB | V3pii--m-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 15 | ἐρρωμένως | ἐρρωμένως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Manner adverb modifying the verb. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
ἅτε δὲ ὁδοιπορίᾳ προαπειρηκότες καὶ ὁμοῦ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν κεράμῳ καὶ λίθοις βαλλόμενοι, σὺν οὐδενὶ ἔφευγον κόσμῳ.
Participial circumstantial cluster with multiple adjuncts; main finite verb is ἔφευγον, and σὺν οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ is a prepositional phrase modifying the verb.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | _ | _ | 4 προαπειρηκότες | mark | high | Comparative/circumstantial marker introducing participial clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 4 προαπειρηκότες | advmod | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ὁδοιπορίᾳ | ὁδοιπορία | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 προαπειρηκότες | obl | medium | Dative of circumstance/reason with participle; could be instrumental/adverbial. |
| 4 | προαπειρηκότες | προαπειρέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἔφευγον | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle, nominative masculine plural; mood marked uncertain, likely participle. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 προαπειρηκότες | cc | high | Connects coordinated participial/adverbial material. |
| 6 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the main verb or whole clause. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀνδρῶν | det | high | Article with ἀνδρῶν. |
| 8 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἀνδρῶν | cc | high | Enclitic coordinator with ἀνδρῶν. |
| 9 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐγκειμένων | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject of the participle ἐγκειμένων. |
| 10 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 11 ἐγκειμένων | iobj | medium | Dative of disadvantage/reference with ἐγκειμένων. |
| 11 | ἐγκειμένων | ἔγκειμαι | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἔφευγον | advcl | high | Genitive absolute-like participial clause. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 19 βαλλόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates participles. |
| 13 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 15 γυναικῶν | case | high | Marks agent in passive construction. |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 γυναικῶν | det | high | Article with γυναικῶν. |
| 15 | γυναικῶν | γυνή | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 βαλλόμενοι | obl:agent | high | Agent phrase with passive participle. |
| 16 | κεράμῳ | κέραμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 βαλλόμενοι | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 18 λίθοις | cc | high | Coordinates instruments. |
| 18 | λίθοις | λίθος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 κεράμῳ | conj | high | Second coordinated instrumental dative. |
| 19 | βαλλόμενοι | βάλλω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἔφευγον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with implied subject of ἔφευγον. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 21 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | _ | _ | 24 κόσμῳ | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 22 | οὐδενὶ | οὐδείς | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 κόσμῳ | det | medium | Functions substantivally/adjectivally with κόσμῳ; could also be PRON in some analyses. |
| 23 | ἔφευγον | φεύγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 24 | κόσμῳ | κόσμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἔφευγον | obl | high | Prepositional object of σὺν. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο ὠθούμενοι κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν, ἀπότομος γὰρ δὴ ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἡ Ἰθώμη·
The first clause has an implicit subject and a participial phrase expressing circumstance/cause; the second clause is explanatory with Ἰθώμη as subject of ἐστιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 ἀπώλετο | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking this clause to the previous context. |
| 2 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 πολὺ | det | high | Article with πολὺ. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 2 τὸ | discourse | high | Second-position particle. |
| 4 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἀπώλετο | obj | medium | Likely substantive use: 'the greater part / many'. |
| 5 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 4 πολὺ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on πολὺ. |
| 6 | ἀπώλετο | ἀπόλλυμι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 7 | ὠθούμενοι | ὠθέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 6 ἀπώλετο | advcl | medium | Participial circumstance, agreeing with implied subject of ἀπώλετο. |
| 8 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 10 κρημνῶν | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 κρημνῶν | det | high | Article with κρημνῶν. |
| 10 | κρημνῶν | κρημνός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὠθούμενοι | obl | high | Object of κατὰ within the participial phrase. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀπώλετο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 12 | ἀπότομος | ἀπότομος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 Ἰθώμη | amod | high | Predicative adjective modifying Ἰθώμη. |
| 13 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 17 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 14 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 17 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 15 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 17 ἐστιν | obl | high | Dative of place/manner with ἐστιν. |
| 16 | μάλιστά | μάλιστα | ADV | _ | _ | 17 ἐστιν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐστιν. |
| 17 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/existential clause introducing the explanation. |
| 18 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 Ἰθώμη | det | high | Article with Ἰθώμη. |
| 19 | Ἰθώμη | Ἰθώμη | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστιν. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἐστιν | punct | high | Greek punctuation mark. |
ὀλίγοι δέ τινες καὶ ῥίψαντες τὰ ὅπλα ἀπεσώθησαν.
The syntax is straightforward: a nominal subject with an appositive/loosely coordinated indefinite pronoun, plus a circumstantial participial clause, all governed by the aorist passive main verb.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὀλίγοι | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A----MPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | nsubj | high | Predicate-like subject of the passive verb; adjective used substantively. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | τινες | τις | PRON | P-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ὀλίγοι | appos | medium | Indefinite pronoun coordinated/appositive with ὀλίγοι; could also be treated as adjectival modifier. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 ῥίψαντες | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking participle within the clause. |
| 5 | ῥίψαντες | ῥίπτω | VERB | AORAPTCPN | Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying the main verb. |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-AP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 ὅπλα | det | high | Article. |
| 7 | ὅπλα | ὅπλον | NOUN | N-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ῥίψαντες | obj | high | Object of the participle. |
| 8 | ἀπεσώθησαν | ἀποσῴζω | VERB | V-API-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |