Grammar parses for passage 4.29.5
Open translation for this passage
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ Μακεδόνες ὑπό τε ἀρετῆς καὶ ἐμπειρίας τὸ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἠμύνοντο ἐρρωμένως·
The coordinated genitives under ὑπό express the grounds/capacities (ἀρετή and ἐμπειρία) of the Macedonians’ vigorous defense; τὸ κατʼ ἀρχάς is treated as a substantivized temporal phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡσαύτως | ὡσαύτως | ADV | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Adverbial καί, ‘also’. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Μακεδόνες | det | high | |
| 5 | Μακεδόνες | Μακεδών | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἠμύνοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | ὑπό | ὑπό | ADP | _ | _ | 8 ἀρετῆς | case | high | Agent/cause-like preposition with genitive. |
| 7 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 ἀρετῆς | cc | high | Correlates with καί at token 9. |
| 8 | ἀρετῆς | ἀρετή | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἠμύνοντο | obl | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 10 ἐμπειρίας | cc | high | |
| 10 | ἐμπειρίας | ἐμπειρία | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀρετῆς | conj | high | |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἀρχὰς | det | high | Substantivized/neuter article with κατά phrase. |
| 12 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 13 ἀρχὰς | case | high | |
| 13 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 ἠμύνοντο | obl | medium | With κατά, idiomatic temporal phrase ‘at first’; article agreement is formally neuter and may substantivize the phrase. |
| 14 | ἠμύνοντο | ἀμύνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 15 | ἐρρωμένως | ἐρρωμένως | ADV | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | advmod | high | Adverbial perfect participle form, ‘vigorously’. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἠμύνοντο | punct | high |
ἅτε δὲ ὁδοιπορίᾳ προαπειρηκότες καὶ ὁμοῦ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γυναικῶν κεράμῳ καὶ λίθοις βαλλόμενοι, σὺν οὐδενὶ ἔφευγον κόσμῳ.
The phrase τῶν ἀνδρῶν σφισιν ἐγκειμένων is treated as a genitive absolute, while the following βαλλόμενοι participle shares the nominative subject of ἔφευγον; σφισιν is analyzed as a dative affected-person complement, though the compressed construction is somewhat ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἅτε | ἅτε | PART | _ | _ | 4 προαπειρηκότες | mark | high | Causal/qualifying particle introducing the participial circumstance. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁδοιπορίᾳ | ὁδοιπορία | NOUN | N-dat-sf | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 προαπειρηκότες | obl | high | Dative of cause or circumstance with προαπειρηκότες. |
| 4 | προαπειρηκότες | προαπαγορεύω | VERB | V-part-perf-act-nom-mp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 23 ἔφευγον | advcl | high | Aorist-like? Perfect active participle, circumstantial and coordinated with βαλλόμενοι. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 4 προαπειρηκότες | cc | high | Coordinates participial circumstances. |
| 6 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | _ | _ | 11 ἐγκειμένων | advmod | high | Adverb meaning together/at once. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art-gen-pm | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀνδρῶν | det | high | Article modifying ἀνδρῶν. |
| 8 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἀνδρῶν | cc | high | Correlative enclitic coordinating the genitive phrases. |
| 9 | ἀνδρῶν | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-gen-pm | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἐγκειμένων | obl | high | Genitive absolute subject with ἐγκειμένων. |
| 10 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | Pp3-d-p | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 11 ἐγκειμένων | iobj | medium | Dative pronoun, likely referring to the fleeing men; construction is somewhat compressed. |
| 11 | ἐγκειμένων | ἔγκειμαι | VERB | V-part-pres-mp-gen-p | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 19 βαλλόμενοι | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle with ἀνδρῶν; construed as men pressing/attacking them. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 19 βαλλόμενοι | cc | high | Coordinates the second participial circumstance. |
| 13 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P-gen | _ | 15 γυναικῶν | case | high | Agent marker with βαλλόμενοι. |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | Art-gen-pf | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 γυναικῶν | det | high | Article modifying γυναικῶν. |
| 15 | γυναικῶν | γυνή | NOUN | N-gen-pf | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 βαλλόμενοι | obl:agent | high | Agent of βαλλόμενοι. |
| 16 | κεράμῳ | κέραμος | NOUN | N-dat-sm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 βαλλόμενοι | obl | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 18 λίθοις | cc | high | Coordinates instrumental datives. |
| 18 | λίθοις | λίθος | NOUN | N-dat-pm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 κεράμῳ | conj | high | Second instrumental dative coordinated with κεράμῳ. |
| 19 | βαλλόμενοι | βάλλω | VERB | V-part-pres-mp-nom-mp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 23 ἔφευγον | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with the understood subject of ἔφευγον. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | punct | high | |
| 21 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | P-dat | _ | 24 κόσμῳ | case | high | Preposition governing κόσμῳ. |
| 22 | οὐδενὶ | οὐδείς | PRON | P-indef-d-sm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 κόσμῳ | det | high | Substantival negative pronoun modifying κόσμῳ. |
| 23 | ἔφευγον | φεύγω | VERB | V-impf-act-3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 24 | κόσμῳ | κόσμος | NOUN | N-dat-sm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἔφευγον | obl | high | Dative complement of σὺν, meaning with no orderly equipment/array. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἔφευγον | punct | high |
καὶ τὸ μὲν πολὺ αὐτῶν ἀπώλετο ὠθούμενοι κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν, ἀπότομος γὰρ δὴ ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἡ Ἰθώμη·
The participle ὠθούμενοι is nominative masculine plural, agreeing with an understood masculine plural subject of ἀπώλετο in a collective/distributive construction; the following clause identifies Ἰθώμη as especially steep in this direction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 ἀπώλετο | cc | high | |
| 2 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 πολὺ | det | high | |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 4 πολὺ | discourse | high | |
| 4 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἀπώλετο | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective: 'the greater part'. |
| 5 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 4 πολὺ | nmod | high | |
| 6 | ἀπώλετο | ἀπόλλυμι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Middle aorist; singular agrees with the neuter singular subject πολὺ. |
| 7 | ὠθούμενοι | ὠθέω | VERB | V-PPN-ΜPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 6 ἀπώλετο | advcl | medium | Nominative masculine plural participle, likely referring to the persons collectively represented by αὐτῶν; agreement is not with neuter πολὺ. |
| 8 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | P | _ | 10 κρημνῶν | case | high | |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 κρημνῶν | det | high | |
| 10 | κρημνῶν | κρημνός | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὠθούμενοι | obl | high | κατά with genitive: down along/from the cliffs. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀπώλετο | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἀπότομος | ἀπότομος | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστιν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with ἐστιν. |
| 13 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 17 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 14 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 17 ἐστιν | discourse | high | |
| 15 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | PRON | D-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 12 ἀπότομος | advmod | high | Dative of respect/direction: in this direction. |
| 16 | μάλιστά | μάλιστα | ADV | ADV-S | Degree=Sup | 12 ἀπότομος | advmod | high | |
| 17 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | conj | high | Coordinated explanatory clause; copular predicate. |
| 18 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 Ἰθώμη | det | high | |
| 19 | Ἰθώμη | Ἰθώμη | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἐστιν | punct | high |
ὀλίγοι δέ τινες καὶ ῥίψαντες τὰ ὅπλα ἀπεσώθησαν.
A small number of unnamed survivors, having thrown away their weapons, were saved; ῥίψαντες is a masculine nominative plural aorist participle modifying the subject, and τινες is an indefinite pronoun reinforcing ὀλίγοι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὀλίγοι | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, subject of ἀπεσώθησαν. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | G- | _ | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating particle. |
| 3 | τινες | τις | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ὀλίγοι | det | medium | Indefinite pronoun reinforcing the substantivized ὀλίγοι; parsers may instead attach it appositionally. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 5 ῥίψαντες | cc | high | Coordinates the participial circumstance with the clause. |
| 5 | ῥίψαντες | ῥίπτω | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | advcl | high | Conjunctive aorist participle, subject-controlled by ὀλίγοι. |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ὅπλα | det | high | Article modifying ὅπλα. |
| 7 | ὅπλα | ὅπλον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ῥίψαντες | obj | high | Direct object of ῥίψαντες. |
| 8 | ἀπεσώθησαν | ἀποσῴζω | VERB | V-API-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main predicate, ‘were saved/escaped safely’. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεσώθησαν | punct | high |