Grammar parses for passage 4.31.8
Open translation for this passage
πᾶσαι καὶ ἄνδρες ἰδίᾳ θεῶν μάλιστα ἄγουσιν ἐν τιμῇ·
The sentence is elliptical: πᾶσαι likely agrees with an omitted feminine subject (e.g. πόλεις), while ἄνδρες is a coordinated nominative subject; θεῶν is a partitive/genitive complement with μάλιστα, and ἰδίᾳ is an adverbial modifier meaning individually/separately.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πᾶσαι | πᾶς | ADJ | A--NFP | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἄγουσιν | nsubj | medium | Likely nominative feminine plural subject with an omitted noun; coordination/ellipsis is syntactically difficult. |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἄνδρες | cc | high | Coordinates πᾶσαι and ἄνδρες. |
| 3 | ἄνδρες | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-----NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἄγουσιν | nsubj | high | Coordinated nominative subject. |
| 4 | ἰδίᾳ | ἴδιος | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἄγουσιν | advmod | medium | Adverbial use of the feminine dative singular, meaning individually or separately. |
| 5 | θεῶν | θεός | NOUN | N-----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 μάλιστα | nmod | medium | Partitive or superlative-related genitive: among the gods. |
| 6 | μάλιστα | μάλα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 7 ἄγουσιν | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying ἄγουσιν. |
| 7 | ἄγουσιν | ἄγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite predicate, ‘they hold/esteem’; subject coordination is elliptical. |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 9 τιμῇ | case | high | Preposition governing τιμῇ. |
| 9 | τιμῇ | τιμή | NOUN | N-----DS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἄγουσιν | obl | high | Prepositional oblique complement: ἐν τιμῇ, ‘in honor.’ |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἄγουσιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τὰ δὲ αἴτια ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἐστὶν Ἀμαζόνων τε κλέος, αἳ φήμην τὸ ἄγαλμα ἔχουσιν ἱδρύσασθαι, καὶ ὅτι ἐκ παλαιοτάτου τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦτο ἐποιήθη.
The sentence has an idiomatic ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν parenthesis; κλέος and the ὅτι-clause coordinate as the stated causes, while αἳ introduces a relative clause referring to the Amazons.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----NPA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 αἴτια | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 3 αἴτια | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αἴτια | αἴτιος | ADJ | A----NPA- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter plural: 'the causes/reasons'. |
| 4 | ἐμοὶ | ἐγώ | PRON | P----DS- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 5 δοκεῖν | obl | medium | Dative with δοκεῖν, expressing the experiencer/point of view. |
| 5 | δοκεῖν | δοκέω | VERB | V--PAN---- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 6 ἐστὶν | advcl | medium | Infinitive in the idiom ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, parenthetical or impersonal in force. |
| 6 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA3S---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Singular copula with neuter plural subject, a normal Greek construction. |
| 7 | Ἀμαζόνων | Ἀμαζών | PROPN | N---GFP--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 κλέος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on κλέος. |
| 8 | τε | τε | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 9 κλέος | cc | high | First member of the correlative τε ... καί coordination. |
| 9 | κλέος | κλέος | NOUN | N---NNS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | First coordinated predicate/content for αἴτια. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 κλέος | punct | high | |
| 11 | αἳ | ὅς | PRON | P---NFP--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ἔχουσιν | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun, referring to Ἀμαζόνων. |
| 12 | φήμην | φήμη | NOUN | N---AFS--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἔχουσιν | obj | medium | Object of ἔχουσιν: 'have the report/reputation'. |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NAS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ἄγαλμα | det | high | |
| 14 | ἄγαλμα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N---NAS--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἱδρύσασθαι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the complementary infinitive ἱδρύσασθαι. |
| 15 | ἔχουσιν | ἔχω | VERB | V-PIA3P---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 κλέος | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause predicate. |
| 16 | ἱδρύσασθαι | ἱδρύω | VERB | V-ANM---- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 15 ἔχουσιν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἔχουσιν; middle voice is lexical/reflexive. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἔχουσιν | punct | high | |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 25 ἐποιήθη | cc | high | Coordinates the second explanatory constituent with κλέος. |
| 19 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | -------- | _ | 25 ἐποιήθη | mark | high | Introduces a causal/content clause. |
| 20 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 παλαιοτάτου | case | high | |
| 21 | παλαιοτάτου | παλαιός | ADJ | A----GNS- | Case=Gen|Degree=Super|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ἐποιήθη | obl | high | Genitive with ἐκ, with substantivized neuter: 'from the earliest time'. |
| 22 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NNS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἱερὸν | det | high | |
| 23 | ἱερὸν | ἱερόν | NOUN | N---NNS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ἐποιήθη | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐποιήθη. |
| 24 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | DET | P---NNS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἱερὸν | det | high | Demonstrative determiner modifying ἱερόν. |
| 25 | ἐποιήθη | ποιέω | VERB | V-API3S---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 6 ἐστὶν | conj | high | Second coordinated explanatory predicate; ὅτι-clause gives the second cause. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐστὶν | punct | high |
τρία δὲ ἄλλα ἐπὶ τούτοις συνετέλεσεν ἐς δόξαν, μέγεθός τε τοῦ ναοῦ τὰ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις κατασκευάσματα ὑπερηρκότος καὶ Ἐφεσίων τῆς πόλεως ἡ ἀκμὴ καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τὸ ἐπιφανὲς τῆς θεοῦ.
The subject of συνετέλεσεν is τρία ἄλλα, with ἐπὶ τούτοις marking addition and ἐς δόξαν the result. The three following nominative/nominal clauses are coordinated explanatory subjects/appositives: μέγεθος (with a genitive absolute-like participial modifier ὑπερηρκότος agreeing with μέγεθος), ἡ ἀκμή, and τὸ ἐπιφανές.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τρία | τρεῖς | NUM | 形容詞 αριθμητικό | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 συνετέλεσεν | nsubj | high | Neuter plural numeral functioning substantivally. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 συνετέλεσεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--NP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 τρία | amod | high | Substantivized adjective, coordinated semantically with τρία. |
| 4 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 5 τούτοις | case | high | Takes the dative here. |
| 5 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | D-DPNPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 συνετέλεσεν | obl | high | |
| 6 | συνετέλεσεν | συντελέω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Aspect=Aor|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Singular agrees with understood collective/partitive construction despite neuter plural subject. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 8 δόξαν | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 8 | δόξαν | δόξα | NOUN | N-AFA-S-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 συνετέλεσεν | obl | high | Result/purpose complement. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 6 συνετέλεσεν | punct | high | |
| 10 | μέγεθός | μέγεθος | NOUN | N-NNN-S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 συνετέλεσεν | nsubj | medium | First explanatory nominative item, coordinated conceptually with the following clauses. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 μέγεθός | cc | high | Correlative coordination begins here. |
| 12 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | S--GGM-S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ναοῦ | det | high | |
| 13 | ναοῦ | ναός | NOUN | N-GGM-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 μέγεθός | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μέγεθος. |
| 14 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | S--NNA-P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 κατασκευάσματα | det | high | |
| 15 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | P | _ | 16 πᾶσιν | case | high | With dative, ‘among/all over’. |
| 16 | πᾶσιν | πᾶς | ADJ | A--DPN-P- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ἀνθρώποις | amod | high | |
| 17 | ἀνθρώποις | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-DPM-P--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 κατασκευάσματα | obl | high | Dative complement of παρά. |
| 18 | κατασκευάσματα | κατασκεύασμα | NOUN | N-NNA-P-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 ὑπερηρκότος | nsubj | medium | Subject of the participle; the construction describes the temple's size as surpassing all human constructions. |
| 19 | ὑπερηρκότος | ὑπεραίρω | VERB | V-RAPN-SGM | Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 μέγεθός | acl | low | Form is morphologically genitive masculine singular and does not straightforwardly agree with κατασκευάσματα; likely textual/orthographic irregularity or an elliptical genitive construction. Syntactic attachment to μέγεθος is tentative. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 μέγεθός | cc | high | Coordinates the explanatory nominative constituents. |
| 21 | Ἐφεσίων | Ἐφέσιος | PROPN | N--GPM-P-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἀκμὴ | nmod | high | Ethnic genitive modifying the city's prosperity/prime. |
| 22 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | S--GFA-S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 πόλεως | det | high | |
| 23 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | N-GFA-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἀκμὴ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἀκμή, specifying the city. |
| 24 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S--NF-S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἀκμὴ | det | high | |
| 25 | ἀκμὴ | ἀκμή | NOUN | N-NFN-S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 συνετέλεσεν | nsubj | high | Second coordinated explanatory nominative. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 ἀκμὴ | cc | high | Coordinates the third explanatory nominative. |
| 27 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 28 αὐτῇ | case | high | Takes the dative pronoun. |
| 28 | αὐτῇ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DPF-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 30 ἐπιφανὲς | obl | high | Refers to the city (πόλις). |
| 29 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S--NNA-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 30 ἐπιφανὲς | det | high | Article with substantivized adjective. |
| 30 | ἐπιφανὲς | ἐπιφανής | ADJ | A--NN--S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 συνετέλεσεν | nsubj | high | Third coordinated explanatory nominative, substantivized. |
| 31 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | S--GFA-S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 θεοῦ | det | high | |
| 32 | θεοῦ | θεός | NOUN | N-GFA-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἐπιφανὲς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἐπιφανές, ‘the goddess's prominence/manifestness’. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 6 συνετέλεσεν | punct | high |