Grammar parses for passage 4.34.2
Open translation for this passage
θηρία δὲ ἐς ὄλεθρον ἀνθρώπων οὐ πεφύκασιν οἱ Ἑλλήνων ποταμοὶ φέρειν, καθάπερ γε Ἰνδὸς καὶ Νεῖλος ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ἔτι δὲ Ῥῆνος καὶ Ἴστρος Εὐφράτης τε καὶ Φᾶσις·
The clause has a main predication with a complementary infinitive; the list of rivers after καθάπερ is loosely appositional/comparative, so some attachments are necessarily approximate.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 φέρειν | obj | medium | Likely object of φέρειν; form can also be nominative, but syntax favors accusative. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r-------- | _ | 4 ὄλεθρον | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 4 | ὄλεθρον | ὄλεθρος | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 φέρειν | obl | high | Complement of ἐς. |
| 5 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | n-p---pg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ὄλεθρον | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ὄλεθρον. |
| 6 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | advmod | high | Negation. |
| 7 | πεφύκασιν | φύω | VERB | v3pria--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 8 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ποταμοὶ | det | high | Article with ποταμοί. |
| 9 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ποταμοὶ | nmod | medium | Proper-name-like ethnicon used attributively; could be NOUN. |
| 10 | ποταμοὶ | ποταμός | NOUN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | high | Subject of πεφύκασιν. |
| 11 | φέρειν | φέρω | VERB | v--p---na- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 7 πεφύκασιν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive with πεφύκασιν. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | καθάπερ | καθάπερ | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | mark | high | Introduces comparison. |
| 14 | γε | γε | PART | g-------- | _ | 15 Ἰνδὸς | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 15 | Ἰνδὸς | Ἰνδός | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | medium | Likely part of the comparative exemplification; syntactic attachment is loose. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 17 Νεῖλος | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 17 | Νεῖλος | Νεῖλος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Ἰνδὸς | conj | high | Conjoined with Ἰνδός. |
| 18 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 Αἰγύπτιος | det | high | Article with Αἰγύπτιος. |
| 19 | Αἰγύπτιος | Αἰγύπτιος | ADJ | a-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Νεῖλος | amod | medium | Attributive adjective modifying Νεῖλος. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | d-------- | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | advmod | high | Adverb 'further/also'. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 23 Ῥῆνος | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 23 | Ῥῆνος | Ῥῆνος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 πεφύκασιν | conj | high | Further coordinated example. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 25 Ἴστρος | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 25 | Ἴστρος | Ἴστρος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 Ῥῆνος | conj | high | Coordinated with Ῥῆνος. |
| 26 | Εὐφράτης | Εὐφράτης | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 Ῥῆνος | conj | high | Another coordinated river name. |
| 27 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 26 Εὐφράτης | discourse | high | Enclitic connective. |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 29 Φᾶσις | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 29 | Φᾶσις | Φᾶσις | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 Ῥῆνος | conj | high | Final coordinated river name. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
οὗτοι γὰρ δὴ θηρία ὅμοια τοῖς μάλιστα ἀνδροφάγα αὔξουσι, ταῖς ἐν Ἕρμῳ καὶ Μαιάνδρῳ γλάνισιν ἐοικότα ἰδέας πλὴν χρόας τε μελαντέρας καὶ ἀλκῆς· ταῦτα δὲ αἱ γλάνεις ἀποδέουσιν.
The syntax is compressed and somewhat irregular; several nominative/accusative and participial agreements likely reflect Pausanias' descriptive style or textual corruption, so a few attachments are tentative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | Px--mn-p- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem | 9 αὔξουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of αὔξουσι. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | D-------- | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | Nb-pn--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 οὗτοι | appos | medium | Appositive to οὗτοι, or predicate noun; attached as apposition. |
| 5 | ὅμοια | ὅμοιος | ADJ | A-pn--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 θηρία | amod | medium | Adjectival modifier of θηρία. |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | Pd-pm--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ἀνδροφάγα | det | high | Article with ἀνδροφάγα. |
| 7 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 ἀνδροφάγα | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἀνδροφάγα. |
| 8 | ἀνδροφάγα | ἀνδροφάγος | ADJ | A-pn--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 θηρία | amod | medium | Likely modifies an implied noun in the dative phrase; syntax is somewhat unclear. |
| 9 | αὔξουσι | αὔξω | VERB | V-3ppia- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | punct | high | Comma. |
| 11 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | Pd-pf--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 γλάνισιν | det | high | Article with γλάνισιν. |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 γλάνισιν | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 13 | Ἕρμῳ | Ἕρμος | PROPN | Np-sm--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 γλάνισιν | nmod | high | Part of locative prepositional phrase. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 Ἕρμῳ | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 15 | Μαιάνδρῳ | Μαίανδρος | PROPN | Np-sm--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 Ἕρμῳ | conj | high | Second coordinate in the place name phrase. |
| 16 | γλάνισιν | γλανίς | NOUN | Nb-pf--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἐοικότα | obl | medium | Dative phrase governed by ἐοικότα; the agreement is odd but this is the likely referent. |
| 17 | ἐοικότα | ἔοικα | VERB | V-ppana- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 ἰδέας | acl | medium | Participial modifier of ἰδέας; agreement is somewhat irregular in the transmitted text. |
| 18 | ἰδέας | ἰδέα | NOUN | Nb-pf--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 θηρία | appos | medium | Likely in apposition or explanatory relation to θηρία/ὅμοια; syntax compressed. |
| 19 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 24 ἀλκῆς | case | high | Introduces exception/comparison phrase. |
| 20 | χρόας | χρώς | NOUN | Nb-ff--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἀλκῆς | nmod | high | Genitive with πλὴν. |
| 21 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 20 χρόας | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 22 | μελαντέρας | μέλας | ADJ | A-pcfsa- | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 χρόας | amod | medium | Comparative adjective modifying χρόας. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 χρόας | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 24 | ἀλκῆς | ἀλκή | NOUN | Nb-ff--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 χρόας | conj | medium | Conjoined genitive with χρόας in the πλὴν phrase. |
| 25 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | punct | high | Colon/period punctuation. |
| 26 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | Px-pnn-p- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Dem | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀποδέουσιν. |
| 27 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive contrastive particle. |
| 28 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | Pd-pf--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 29 γλάνεις | det | high | Article with γλάνεις. |
| 29 | γλάνεις | γλανίς | NOUN | Nb-pf--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀποδέουσιν. |
| 30 | ἀποδέουσιν | ἀποδέω | VERB | V-3ppia- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 αὔξουσι | parataxis | high | Paratactic clause following the first statement. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |