Grammar parses for passage 4.34.2
Open translation for this passage
διάφοροι δὲ τὸ εἶδος μάλιστα ἰχθῦς ἀναθέουσιν ἐς τὸν Πάμισον ἅτε ἐς ὕδωρ καθαρὸν καὶ οὐ κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ τοῖς κατειλεγμένοις ποταμοῖς ἰλυῶδες·
The subject διάφοροι is predicative with an implicit/elliptical sense ‘different in kind’; τὸ εἶδος is an accusative of respect with μάλιστα. The final adjective ἰλυῶδες is predicative in an elliptical comparison, contrasting the clear water of the Pamisus with the silt-laden rivers previously listed.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | διάφοροι | διάφορος | ADJ | A--NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 εἶδος | det | high | |
| 4 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | N-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 διάφοροι | obl | medium | Accusative of respect: ‘different especially in appearance/kind’. |
| 5 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 1 διάφοροι | advmod | high | |
| 6 | ἰχθῦς | ἰχθύς | NOUN | N-PMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | obj | high | Contracted/irregular plural accusative. |
| 7 | ἀναθέουσιν | ἀναθέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 Πάμισον | case | high | |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-SMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Πάμισον | det | high | |
| 10 | Πάμισον | Πάμισος | PROPN | Ne-SMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | obl | high | |
| 11 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 13 ὕδωρ | mark | medium | Introduces the causal/explanatory participial-like clause: ‘as being’. |
| 12 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 ὕδωρ | case | high | |
| 13 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | obl | medium | Accusative after ἐς; ἅτε introduces the explanatory comparison/characterization. |
| 14 | καθαρὸν | καθαρός | ADJ | A-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ὕδωρ | amod | high | |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ἰλυῶδες | cc | medium | Coordinates the positive characterization with the contrasting elliptical predicate. |
| 16 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 23 ἰλυῶδες | advmod | high | |
| 17 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 αὐτὰ | case | high | |
| 18 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-PNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 αὐτὰ | det | high | |
| 19 | αὐτὰ | αὐτός | PRON | P-PNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 23 ἰλυῶδες | obl | medium | Substantivized/neuter plural with κατά, ‘in the same way as’. |
| 20 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-PMD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ποταμοῖς | det | high | |
| 21 | κατειλεγμένοις | καταλέγω | VERB | V-RMP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 22 ποταμοῖς | acl | medium | Perfect middle/passive participle, ‘those previously listed’; form and voice are somewhat orthographically variable. |
| 22 | ποταμοῖς | ποταμός | NOUN | N-PMD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 αὐτὰ | nmod | high | Dative complement of comparison with κατά understood as ‘as the listed rivers’. |
| 23 | ἰλυῶδες | ἰλυώδης | ADJ | A-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ὕδωρ | conj | medium | Elliptical predicative adjective, ‘silt-laden’; agreement with an implicit neuter singular ὕδωρ is understood. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀναθέουσιν | punct | high |
οἱ κέφαλοι δέ, ἅτε ἰχθύων ὄντες τῶν πηλαίων, ποταμῶν φίλοι τῶν θολερωτέρων εἰσί.
The participial phrase ἅτε ἰχθύων ὄντες τῶν πηλαίων is causal/explanatory: ‘being muddy-water fish’; φίλοι agrees with the masculine subject and takes ποταμῶν τῶν θολερωτέρων as a genitive of association/object. The exact semantic relation of the two genitives with φίλοι is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-n-----mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 2 κέφαλοι | det | high | |
| 2 | κέφαλοι | κέφαλος | NOUN | Nน--mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 εἰσί | nsubj | high | Lexical noun ‘mullet’; masculine nominative plural. |
| 3 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 εἰσί | cc | high | |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 εἰσί | punct | high | |
| 5 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 7 ὄντες | mark | high | Introduces the explanatory/circumstantial participial clause. |
| 6 | ἰχθύων | ἰχθύς | NOUN | N----mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὄντες | xcomp | medium | Predicate genitive with ὄντες, ‘being fish’; alternatively analyzed as a predicative complement. |
| 7 | ὄντες | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAP-NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 εἰσί | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with κέφαλοι. |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-g----mn- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 πηλαίων | det | high | |
| 9 | πηλαίων | πηλαῖος | ADJ | A--gmn- | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἰχθύων | amod | high | Substantivized/attributive ‘muddy, marshy’ modifying ἰχθύων. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ὄντες | punct | high | |
| 11 | ποταμῶν | ποταμός | NOUN | N----mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 φίλοι | nmod | medium | Genitive complement of φίλοι, likely ‘fond of/frequenting rivers’. |
| 12 | φίλοι | φίλος | ADJ | A--pmn- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 εἰσί | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with εἰσί. |
| 13 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-g----mn- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 θολερωτέρων | det | high | |
| 14 | θολερωτέρων | θολερός | ADJ | A--gmnc | Case=Gen|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ποταμῶν | amod | high | Comparative adjective modifying ποταμῶν: ‘more turbid’. |
| 15 | εἰσί | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 εἰσί | punct | high |
θηρία δὲ ἐς ὄλεθρον ἀνθρώπων οὐ πεφύκασιν οἱ Ἑλλήνων ποταμοὶ φέρειν, καθάπερ γε Ἰνδὸς καὶ Νεῖλος ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ἔτι δὲ Ῥῆνος καὶ Ἴστρος Εὐφράτης τε καὶ Φᾶσις·
The main predicate is πεφύκασιν with infinitival complement φέρειν; the river names after καθάπερ form an elliptical comparative list, with coordination and attachment of the final names somewhat ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 φέρειν | obj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 ὄλεθρον | case | high | Variant form ἐς of εἰς. |
| 4 | ὄλεθρον | ὄλεθρος | NOUN | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 φέρειν | obl | high | |
| 5 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ὄλεθρον | nmod | high | |
| 6 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 7 πεφύκασιν | advmod | high | |
| 7 | πεφύκασιν | φύω | VERB | V-PRF-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Perfect form πεφύκασιν is lexicalized with present-like meaning ‘are naturally disposed’; parsed here as finite predicate. |
| 8 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ποταμοὶ | det | high | |
| 9 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ποταμοὶ | nmod | high | |
| 10 | ποταμοὶ | ποταμός | NOUN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | high | |
| 11 | φέρειν | φέρω | VERB | V-PNA | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 7 πεφύκασιν | xcomp | high | |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | punct | high | |
| 13 | καθάπερ | καθάπερ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 Ἰνδὸς | mark | medium | Introduces the comparative exemplifying clause/list. |
| 14 | γε | γε | PART | PART | _ | 15 Ἰνδὸς | advmod | high | |
| 15 | Ἰνδὸς | Ἰνδός | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 πεφύκασιν | nsubj | medium | First member of an elliptical comparison; finite predicate is understood from πεφύκασιν/φέρειν. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 Νεῖλος | cc | high | |
| 17 | Νεῖλος | Νεῖλος | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Ἰνδὸς | conj | high | |
| 18 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 Αἰγύπτιος | det | high | |
| 19 | Αἰγύπτιος | Αἰγύπτιος | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Νεῖλος | appos | high | Appositional epithet ‘the Egyptian’. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 Νεῖλος | punct | high | |
| 21 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 23 Ῥῆνος | advmod | high | |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 Ῥῆνος | cc | high | |
| 23 | Ῥῆνος | Ῥῆνος | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Ἰνδὸς | conj | high | Further coordinated example in the elliptical comparison. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 Ἴστρος | cc | high | |
| 25 | Ἴστρος | Ἴστρος | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 Ῥῆνος | conj | high | |
| 26 | Εὐφράτης | Εὐφράτης | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 Ῥῆνος | conj | high | Further coordinated river name; punctuation-free coordination is syntactically ambiguous. |
| 27 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 26 Εὐφράτης | cc | high | |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 29 Φᾶσις | cc | high | |
| 29 | Φᾶσις | Φᾶσις | PROPN | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 Εὐφράτης | conj | medium | Final member of a long coordinated river-name list. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεφύκασιν | punct | high |
οὗτοι γὰρ δὴ θηρία ὅμοια τοῖς μάλιστα ἀνδροφάγα αὔξουσι, ταῖς ἐν Ἕρμῳ καὶ Μαιάνδρῳ γλάνισιν ἐοικότα ἰδέας πλὴν χρόας τε μελαντέρας καὶ ἀλκῆς· ταῦτα δὲ αἱ γλάνεις ἀποδέουσιν.
The first clause is coordinated with the final clause; ταῖς ... γλάνισιν ἐοικότα is an attributive participial phrase, while πλὴν introduces exceptions in appearance and strength.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 αὔξουσι | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | TE | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | TE | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | discourse | high | |
| 4 | θηρία | θηρίον | NOUN | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 αὔξουσι | obj | high | |
| 5 | ὅμοια | ὅμοιος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 θηρία | amod | high | Agrees with θηρία. |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | D-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀνδροφάγα | det | high | |
| 7 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D-SUP | Degree=Sup | 8 ἀνδροφάγα | advmod | high | |
| 8 | ἀνδροφάγα | ἀνδροφάγος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ὅμοια | obl | medium | Substantivized dative, ‘most man-eating ones’; dependent on ὅμοια. |
| 9 | αὔξουσι | αὐξάνω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | punct | high | |
| 11 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | D-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 γλάνισιν | det | high | |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 16 γλάνισιν | case | high | |
| 13 | Ἕρμῳ | Ἕρμος | PROPN | N-DMS | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐν | obl | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 15 Μαιάνδρῳ | cc | high | |
| 15 | Μαιάνδρῳ | Μαίανδρος | PROPN | N-DMS | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 Ἕρμῳ | conj | high | |
| 16 | γλάνισιν | γλανίς | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἐοικότα | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐοικότα. |
| 17 | ἐοικότα | ἔοικα | VERB | V-RAP-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 4 θηρία | acl | high | Perfect active participle functioning adjectivally with θηρία. |
| 18 | ἰδέας | ἰδέα | NOUN | N-AFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 ἐοικότα | obl | medium | Accusative of respect with ἐοικότα. |
| 19 | πλὴν | πλήν | ADP | R | _ | 20 χρόας | case | high | Exceptive preposition. |
| 20 | χρόας | χρώς | NOUN | N-AFA | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 22 μελαντέρας | obl | high | Object of implied comparison/exception. |
| 21 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C | _ | 20 χρόας | cc | high | Correlates with καί at token 23. |
| 22 | μελαντέρας | μελάντερος | ADJ | A-AFA-CMP | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 χρόας | amod | high | |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 24 ἀλκῆς | cc | high | Correlates with τε at token 21. |
| 24 | ἀλκῆς | ἀλκή | NOUN | N-GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐοικότα | obl | medium | Genitive of respect, coordinated semantically with χρόας. |
| 25 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 αὔξουσι | punct | high | |
| 26 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | obj | high | |
| 27 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | cc | high | Postpositive contrastive connective. |
| 28 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | D-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 29 γλάνεις | det | high | |
| 29 | γλάνεις | γλανίς | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 30 | ἀποδέουσιν | ἀποδέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second coordinated clause; no overt coordination after punctuation. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἀποδέουσιν | punct | high |